道德

In the conviviality orientations morality curriculum, according to different participating object, developed form can be divided into three types: moral conviviality between people and text, between people and others, between self and self.

因此，根据道德共生参与对象的不同，可将道德共生的展开形式分为：人与文本的道德共生、人与他人的道德共生以及自我与自我的道德共生三类。

In this chapter, the two ultimate moral standard utilitarianism and deontology are discussed, and on this base my own ultimate moral standard is set up, it is to say, to promote the social existence and consummate moral characters and promote the moral ambit of people. According to this standard, we testify the moral rationality socially and individually.

本章考察了功利主义和道义论两大道德终极标准理论，并在此基础上确立了自己的道德终极标准，即促进社会的存在和发展并完善人的道德人格和提升人的道德境界，根据此标准从社会和个人两方面对诚信的道德合理性进行了确证。

In the whole system of ethnics, moral responsibility is at the highest level.

在道德规范的整个体系中，道德责任居于最高层次，道德责任意识也成为衡量人的道德觉悟程度和道德境界高低的重要标志之一。

Nietzsche"s political philosophy is not piled up a dish of messy sand by maxim form, the writer thinks that Nietzsche"s political construction has his continuous logicality. It"s an expression of political philosophy that is constructed on the base of force will and life will, it makes life reach at a transitional bridge that can supply condition for the salvation of art. Thus, there are three understandings here. Firstly, politics is an objective expression of power will, also is an external expression of power will. The real politics depends on power will and services to their requirement and regulation; Secondly, the life faces on the double crises, on the one hand, the life falls into denial of Christian morality. Morality of Christianity presumes another world that life never touch for. This is world of soul belief and pursue, meanwhile, life is depreciated and degenerated as "evil", so the value of life suffers from misunderstanding and denial. Things of presence are subverted as things of exeunt."Uprising of slave in morality" results in the denial of ",master morality, at the same time, although modern democratic politics that based on morality of Christianity makes person return secular life and makes life identity and trite. This kind of politics creates privation of special vulture and race. On the other hand, internal requirement of power will results in the crisis of life because the characteristics of power will is continuous making and destroy.

尼采的政治哲学并非是以格言形式堆积而成的一盘散沙，笔者认为，尼采的政治建构有其一贯的逻辑性，体现为其政治哲学是建构在强力意志或生命意志基础上的并使生命达至艺术拯救提供条件的一座过度性桥梁，对此有三层理解：首先政治是权力意志的一种客观体现，是全力意志的一种外化，真正的政治必须立足于权力意志之上并服务于其要求和规定；其次，生命面临着双重危机，一方面，生命陷入基督教道德的否定之中，基督教道德设定了一个生命遥不可及的彼岸世界，这是灵魂信仰和追求的世界，同时生命被贬堕为"恶"，这样，生命的价值遭到误解和否定，在场的事物被颠覆为退场的事物，"主人道德"被否定，这是"道德上的奴隶起义"的结果，同时基于基督教道德之上的现代民主政治虽然使人回到了尘世，但是又将生命齐一化和平庸化，造成特殊文化和特殊种族的缺位，而正是这种文化和这种种族才能真正地肯定生命；另一方面，生命的危机是权力意志内在的要求所致，因为权力意志的一个特质就是连续地生成和毁灭，就生命本身就是权力意志而言，毁灭就是其必然的命运。

From May 4th Movement of 1919 to the 1920s, sex love narrations in Chinese novels were rather an enlightenment and liberation in that particular era with four characteristics. Firstly, sexual desire was endowed with rationality with regard to liberation of human nature and mutual love. Secondly, with an epochal concern for a stronger and superior race, greater attention was paid to sexual parties concerned, mainly physically. Thirdly, new ethics on sex were promoted in that personal freedom on sex love was emphasized and sex love became an important way of self-fulfillment. Therefore, independence of sex love was advocated and the scope of sex love was also widened. Fourthly, the sex consciousness of this period had the mixed features of the past and the contemporary. Sex love narrations in the 1930s and 1940s showed a further exploration on the theme of human nature. First of all, sex was restored to a kind of desire. ShenCongwen probed the importance of harmonious sex love to a sound personality and Shi Zhecunrevealed that sexual inhibition could lead to the distortion, even frenzy of human nature. Bothexplored the influence and functions of sexual desire as human nature upon human personality,giving prominence to the irresistibleness of sexual desire and the significance of sexual desire asa motive. Then, human bodies driven by sexual desire were described and given greater attentionto. Next, ethics on sex were deconstructed either by Shen Congwen who opposed man-madeethics with law of nature and the School of New Sensation who replaced traditional ethics on sexwith exchange rules in consumption, or by Shi Zhecun who spared no efforts in representing thecomplete failure of social rules, including ethics on sex, due to the impact from sexual desire.The direct effect was a paleness of the ethical binding force on sex. Last, sex consciousness inthe works of female writers emerged. In the early works of Ding Ling, the sexual desire of thefemale is no longer a ramification of emotion but an independent one. In addition, in the sex lovenarrations of other female writers, such as Mei Niang, strong self-consciousness on the socialstatus of the female is also reflected. Sex love narrations in the late 1970s and early 1980s wereactually a re-enlightenment in the spirit of humanism, whose major features include humanisticlegitimation of sex love within the boundary of ethics, a blend of sex love narrations withnational concepts and national myths as well as the aesthetic, poetic descriptions of humanbodies etc. In the middle and late 1980s, sex love narrations entered a stage of exploration forpluralism. First, by restoration of sexual desire, writers of this era restored human nature, thevery original state of human being. Different emphasis and tendencies could be seen in differentwriters: looking at sex love dialectically and trying to describe its creative as well as destructivecharacteristics; connecting sex love with violence and trying to reveal the evil side of humannature through it; emphasizing the creativeness of sex love especially in the heritage of"wildness".

从"五四"到20世纪20年代，中国小说的性爱叙事是一种处在时代夹缝中的启蒙和解放，其所表现出来的特点，一是正面赋予性欲望以合理性，这种合理性是在人性解放和爱情前提下获得的；二是在强种育种的时代焦虑影响下小说性爱叙事表现出对物质身体的关注，其焦点主要在体格方面；三是树立起新的性伦理道德观念，表现为强调在性爱问题上的个人选择自由，性爱成为个人自我实现的重要方式，从而赋予人在性爱问题上的独立性，同时还扩大了性爱表现的领域；四，这个时期小说性爱叙事中所表现出的性意识还具有新旧杂糅的特点。30、40年代小说性爱叙事表现出对人性主题的深化与丌拓，首先是把性还原为欲望本身来探索，沈从文从和谐性爱对健全人性的决定作用、施蛰存从性压抑会导致人性扭曲甚至疯狂的角度探讨作为人类本质性欲望的性对人性产生的影响和作用，突出了性欲力量的不可抗拒和作为人类行为的重要动力等方面的内容；其次在叙事中表现出对欲望化了的身体的描绘与关注；第三是解构了性的伦理道德，无论是沈从文以自然法则来反对人为的道德设置还是新感觉派用消费交换原则替代传统性伦理道德，或是施蛰存极力表现包括性伦理规范在内的社会法则在性欲力量冲击下溃不成军，其直接的效果都是使性伦理道德对人的约束力量显得苍白虚弱；第四，出现了由女性作家表现的女性性意识，在丁玲的早期作品中女性的性欲望不再是作为感情的衍生物而是独立的欲望存在，而在梅娘等其他女作家的小说性爱叙事中则表现出对女性社会地位的强烈自觉意识。70年代末80年代初期小说的性爱叙事实际上是在人道主义语境下的再次启蒙，其主要特征一是性爱在人道主义前提下获得合法性，但要求性爱不超出伦理规定的范围；再就是将性爱叙事同国家观念和民族神话相融合；此外还有对身体的描写审美化诗意化等。80年代中后期，小说性爱叙事进入了多元化探索的阶段，作家通过还原性欲望来还原人性、还原人类的本真状态，不同作家笔下表现为不同的侧重和倾向——以辨证的方式看待性爱，写出其具有的创造性力量和毁灭性特征；将性爱与暴力相联系并通过其来表现人性的黑暗；强调性爱的创造性作用，尤其在民族"血性"的传承方面。

He raised again on the practical activities, compared with the overall life of the individual, modern Western moral life, excessive self-advancement in the field of ethics, individuals solely on the basis of purely subjective and emotional self-sexual moral choice unified objective moral standards and moral authority lost.

他提出了德性依托于实践活动，德性充满着个人生活的整体，现代西方道德生活中，自我在道德领域里过分凸现，个人完全根据自我进行纯粹主观性和情感性的道德选择，统一的客观的社会道德尺度和道德权威性丧失。

The main similarities are: first,they both think Man"s morality develop orderly along one way and persist in "the single-track view" on the relation between thinking and behaviour; secondly,their study spreads out from heteronomous morality to autonomous morality, regards "justice as the study subject.

通过比较后发现，皮亚杰与科尔伯格理论之间最大的相似之处在于都采取心理发展的观点来解释人类道德的形成，主要体现在：第一，二者的道德发展观基本上是一维纵向的，在思维与行为的关系问题上都坚持&单轨论&；第二，二者有关道德发展的研究都围绕从道德他律向道德自律这一主线展开，研究主题均为公正。

Further more, it will make managers conform to management morals more consciously as the result of the cultural and moral inheritage which has magnificent benefits on daily management practices.

这在管理道德缺失的时代背景下借鉴价值显得尤为突出，具体可以归纳为《周易》蕴含的家庭管理道德与行政管理道德，而这对于提炼总结《周易》管理思想打下理论基础，同时因为文化、道德的传承性而对现实的管理实践大有裨益，使得管理者更为自觉地使行为符合管理道德。

The preservation of ethics is one way to deriving the significance of life.

道德是生活的构成性因素，道德不能&同质化&为生活的一个独立领域，道德挺立是建构生活意义的方式之一，生活的过程也是道德学习的过程，不能有与生活过程不同的道德学习过程。

The other one cuts into from student's moral development, challenges mainly include the student moral values choice's incapable, the students'moral beliefs desalinating, the students'moral thoughts westernization, the way of moral consciousness construction changing and so on.

二是从学生的道德发展进行切入，主要有学生道德价值观选择的无力、学生道德信仰淡化、学生道德思维西方化、道德意识建构方式的变化等几方面的挑战。

No clear conclusions can be made about the predictie alidity of specific measures, they found, except for criteria for the underuse of drugs for cardioascular disease.

除了心血管病不合理用药标准外，对于特定评价方法的预测效度没有明确的结论。

The third and last is that almost all of them, being infinite in number, have been impostures, and by idle and crafty brains merely contrived and feigned after the event past.

第三、即最后一点是：几乎所有这些不胜枚举的预言都是欺人之谈，都是在事件过后由无聊而狡猾的脑筋推测与凭空捏造的。