逻辑的

All summer I wandered the fields that were thickening every morning, every rainfall, with weeds and blossoms, with the long loops of the shimmering, and the extravagant- pale as flames they rose and fell back, replete and beautiful- that was all there was- and I too once or twice, at least, felt myself rising, my boots touching suddenly the tops of the weeds, the blue and silky air- listen, passion did it, called me forth, addled me, stripped me clean then covered me with the cloth of happiness- I think there is no other prize, only rapture the gleaming, rapture the illogical the weightless- whether it be for the perfect shapeliness of something you love- like an old German song- or of someone- or the dark floss of the earth itself, heavy and electric.

整个夏天，我漫步于田野，在每个清晨，每一场雨中，田野变得深邃，充满种子和花，以及闪烁不定的耀眼的光环——如同苍白的火焰，它们升起又熄灭，丰盈而美——这就是田野的全部——而我至少有一两次，感到自己飞起来了，我的鞋子突然碰到种子的顶端，丝绸一般柔滑的蓝色空气——听，它热情地召唤我，使我迷茫，剥去我的外壳，再为我穿上欢乐的衣裳——我不再需要什么，只是沉迷于这闪亮的一刻，沉迷于这不合逻辑的失重——它是否是你所爱之物的完美形式——属于一首古老的德国歌曲——或者某个人——或者就是地球自身的黑色丝线，沉重，带电。

In mathematical logic, predicate logic is the formal system of universal symbolic terms, such as first order logic, second order logic, many types of logic or infinitary logic ...

在数理逻辑中，谓词逻辑是符号形式系统的通用术语，比如一阶逻辑，二阶逻辑，多类逻辑或infinitary逻辑。。。。

The third part touches upon the enlightenments gained from the study on the relationship between paradox and mathematical logic on the relationship between paradox and mathematical logic, which are the following: so long as we combine the way of formalization with the philosophizing analysis, look at things dialectically, and deal with things systematically, not only can the problem of paradox be solved relatively, but also a series of important discovery can be found in the process of resolution to it.

第三部分论述在探析悖论与数理逻辑的关系中所得到的意义和启示：只要我们把形式化的方法和哲学性的分析结合起来，用辩证的观点看问题，用系统的方法研究问题，悖论不但可以得到相对的解决，而且在解决悖论的过程中会引出一系列的重大发现。

Hence, the present paper turns to the investigation of the theory of systematic social structure from the systematic worldview on living. It shows that, although the theory of systematic social structure synthesizes the theoretical achievements of the above mentioned two social structures and establishes complete social structure theories, it cannot explain the conflicts between dignity systems of moral quality, culture, society and behavioral organism, as well as the conflicts between different countries and social systems.

作为逻辑的必然结果，论文对西方社会学社会结构理论的考察集中到了&交往社会结构观&上，&交往社会结构观&是从西方哲学的交往生活世界观看社会结构的，它虽然以沟通理性代替了常人方法的局部场景的权宜性，解决了人道主义和社会结构的相对确定性问题，但是，&交往社会结构观&又面临着无法解决&上手状态&的&交往生活世界&的独断论问题，无法解决&共识真理&向社会结构的现实性转换问题，无法解决&集体无意识问题&和&少数人真理问题&。

Based on the analyses the author puts forward an idea of semiology method on architecture history rescarch and uses the new method on the research of the histo.

本文从建筑历史研究的方法论入手，对传统的将建筑发展的历史看作是理性的、连续的、逻辑的过程的历史学式研究方法进行了剖析，对另外两种常见的研究方法进行了肯定，并提出了&符号学式研究&的概念，本文按照这一新的建筑历史研究方法，对中国明堂与宫殿的发展历史进行了整体式的分析与阐释。

As part of this process, the equestrian Imperial officials from the second century came to acquire a series of titles parallel to that of vir clarissimus ("most famous gentleman") that senators had held since the Republic: the praetorian praefect was a vir eminentissimus ("most outstanding gentleman"), the other praefects were entitled vir perfectissimus ("most perfect gentleman"), and the lower ranking equestrians were called vir egregius ("outstanding gentleman") Thus, it was not entirely illogical that the equestrian Macrinus should become emperor.

做为这种过程的一部分，骑士出身的帝国官员们自二世纪起获得了一系列与元老们自共和时代以来所获得的&vir clarissimus&头衔相并列的称号：禁卫军长官的称号是&vir eminentissimus&，其他的行政长官的称号是&vir perfectissimus&，而身份较低的骑士们则被称为&vir egregius&。因此，当骑士出身的马可林努斯竟能僭号称帝，并不是一件完全不合逻辑的事。

Is it possible that that player Shakespeare, a ghost by absence, and in the vesture of buried Denmark, a ghost by death, speaking his own words to his own son's name (had Hamnet Shakespeare lived he would have been prince Hamlet's twin), is it possible, I want to know, or probable that he did not draw or foresee the logical conclusion of those premises: you are the dispossessed son: I am the murdered father: your mother is the guilty queen, Ann Shakespeare, born Hathaway?

82身为演员的莎士比亚，由于外出而做了鬼魂，身穿死后做了鬼魂的墓中的丹麦先王的服装，他可不可能就是在对亲生儿子的名字(倘若哈姆奈特。莎士比亚不曾夭折，他就成为哈姆莱特王子的双生兄弟了)，说着自己的台词呢？我倒是想知道，他可不可能，有没有理由相信：他并不曾从这些前提中得出或并不曾预见到符合逻辑的结论：你是被废黜的儿子，我是被杀害的父亲，你母亲就是那有罪的王后，娘家姓哈撒韦的安。莎士比亚？

The merits of the inclusion of quantitative methods based on logical empiricism for explicit definition of input errors and uncertainty, approaches to quantisation of input data, and optimisation of outputs are contrasted with soft systems approaches that incorporate more linguistic and information theory into landscape analysis.

为输入的错误和不确定，输入的数据的量子化的方法和输出的最佳化的明白定义以合乎逻辑的经验主义为基础的数量方法的包含的功绩与将较多的语言学和传播理论纳入风景分析的软性系统方法一起对比。

The merits of the inclusion ofquantitativemethods based on logical empiricism for explicit definition ofinput errors and uncertainty , approaches to quantisation ofinputdata , and optimisation of outputs are contrasted with soft systems approaches that incorporate more linguistic and information theory into landscape analysis .

为输入的错误和不确定，输入的数据的量子化的方法和输出的最佳化的明白定义以合乎逻辑的经验主义为基础的数量方法的包含的功绩与将较多的语言学和传播理论纳入风景分析的软性系统方法一起对比。

Two years before the French revolution of 1848, the French printer, politician, writer, anarchist and son of a barrel maker, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, wrote a letter to Marx:"let us not set ourselves up as the leaders of a new intolerance, let us not pose as the apostles of a new religion even though this religion be the religion of logic itself. Let us welcome, let us encourage all the protests, let us condemn all the exclusions, all the mysticism; let us never regard a question closed, and even after we have exhausted our last argument, let us begin again, if necessary, with eloquence and irony."

法国二月革命前两年，法国印刷工人，政治家，作家，无政府主义者，木桶工的儿子，蒲鲁东，写了一封信给马克思：&让我们不要选一个不允许异议的领导人，让我们不要假装成新的信仰的教徒，虽然这个信仰正在成为自身逻辑的信仰，让我们欢迎，让我们鼓励所有的抗议活动，让我们谴责所有的分裂，所有的神秘主义；让我们永远不要质疑，即使我们用尽了所有的论据，让我们再次开始，如果必要，运用口才和讽刺吧。&

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。