逻辑的

We like to think that we speak logically all the time, but we are aware that we sometimes use illogical means to persuade others of our point of view. In the heat of an impassioned argument, or when we are afraid our disputant has a stronger case, or when we don't quite have all the facts we'd like to have, we are prone to engage in faulty processes of reasoning, using arguments we hope will appear sound.

我们喜欢认为我们说话逻辑上的全部时间，但我们都知道，我们有时会使用不符合逻辑的手段来说服别人，我们的观点来看，在激烈的一个慷慨激昂的论调，又或者当我们是怕我们disputant具有较强案，又或者当我们不太有全部的事实，我们希望有，我们很容易进行故障过程中的推理，用的论据，我们希望会出现声音。

This theory emerged from those philosophical and logical inquires Russell made in his early stage, when Russell use logical analysis to solve the semantics problem his meaning theory suffered. The foundation of the theory of descriptions is a theory of meaning, as this thesis presents, and its central notion includes two syntax rules. Based on the first order predicates calculus, this theory seems successfully solve some notable semantics problems and then assures Russell's denotation theory.

本文认为，摹状词理论有深刻的哲学渊源，它脱胎于罗素早期的哲学和逻辑研究，直接缘起于罗素想要利用逻辑的分析方法去解决意义指谓论所面临的语义学难题；摹状词理论的基础是它的意义理论，核心是两个句法规则，它基于带等词的一阶谓词演算成功地解决了一些著名的语义学难题，维护了直观的指谓论，从而产生了巨大而深刻的哲学影响。

"Logicists supposed that abstract mathematical objects can be entirely developed starting from basic ideas of sets and rational, or logical, thought; a variant of logicism, known as mathematical Platonism, views these objects as existing external to and independent of an observer"

逻辑主义认为抽象的数学对象全部可以从基本的几组想法以及合理的或逻辑的思想发展出来，称为数学的柏拉图主义的一个变型把这些对象看作是观察者之外的、独立的存在

"Logicists suppose d that abstract mathematical objects can be entirely developed starting from basic ideas of sets and rational, or logical, thought; a variant of logicism, known as mathematical Platonism, views these objects as existing external to and independent of an observer"

逻辑主义认为抽象的数学对象全部可以从基本的几组想法以及合理的或逻辑的思想发展出来，称为数学的柏拉图主义的一个变型把这些对象看作是观察者之外的、独立的存在

Description Logic is a kind of object based knowledge representation formalism, and also a decidable fragment of first order predicate logic, with well-defined semantics and powerful representation capability.

描述逻辑是一种基于对象的知识表示的形式化系统，它是一阶逻辑的一个可判定的子集，具有合适定义的语义，并且具有很强的表示能力。

Its main objectives include compensation for the consequences of handicap, participation in the general life of society, notably guaranteeing the accessibility of the established framework and integration by education and employment, and finally the substitution of an administrative logic by a service logic, placing the handicapped person at the centre of system concerning him: information, freedom to choose a life plan, simplification and rationalisation of procedures, etc.

它的主要宗旨包括报偿为障碍，参与的后果社会一般生活，显达地保证可及性这个被建立的框架和综合化由教育和就业，和最后行政逻辑的代替人由服务逻辑，安置残疾人人在系统中心关于他：信息，自由选择生活计划，规程的简单化和合理化，等

Marx s theory of city criticism is mainly about the philosophized critical analysis of a pedigree chart of city problems in the light of interaction between city and capital in the time of capital globalization .

马克思恩格斯把市民社会批判和资本化大生产批判作为城市批判的内在逻辑，把两大阶级之间的社会冲突问题，居住正义问题，城乡对立问题，生产和消费的关系问题等等作为市民社会批判和资本化大生产批判这种内在逻辑的外在表现，从而勾画出一幅完整的城市批判理论的图画。

Reiters default logic is one of the most popular formalism for describing non-monotonic reasoning and is extensive investigated by the community of logical foundations of Artificial Intelligence, particularly, default extension is the hot issue.

Reiter的缺省逻辑是最受关注的非单调推理理论之一，它已被广泛应用于人工智能的各个领域，其中缺省逻辑的扩充是研究的热点。

The study of lattice-valued resolution principle based on lattice-valued logic with truth-value in lattice implication algebras Because of it concise, resolution principle is an implication direction in automated theorem proving, and it will be of significance to establish resolution principle based on non-classical logics.

基于格蕴涵代数的格值逻辑中归结推理的理论与方法研究归结原理由于其简洁性一直是自动定理证明中一个受到广泛重视的研究领域，因而建立基于非经典逻辑的归结方法对于非经典自动定理证明有着重要的意义。

In the third part of this chapter, after introducing the theories and reasons about the base of the right to allege the compensation for damages, the author supports that the base of the right to allege the compensation for damages is breach of contract, and because of reacquainting of the object of contract rescission, this theory resolves the logical contradiction of traditional theory, gives attention to the values of the logicality and justice of law.

本章第三节中，在介绍了关于合同解除损害赔偿请求权基础的各种理论及理由后，笔者支持合同解除后损害赔偿的请求权性质是债务不履行的损害赔偿，并因为重新认识合同解除的标的，解决了传统理论中法律逻辑的矛盾，兼顾了法律逻辑和正义诉求双方面的价值。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。