逻辑的

There exist two logics in biology teaching. One is the internal logic of this subject and the other is cognitional logic of students. Sometimes their consecution may be inconsistent.

摘 要 生物学教学中存在两个逻辑，一个是学科内在逻辑，另一个是学生认识逻辑，两个逻辑的顺序往往不尽一致。

There exist two logics in biology teaching. One is the internallogic of this subject and the other is cognitional logic ofstudents. Sometimes their consecution may be inconsistent.

摘 要 生物学教学中存在两个逻辑，一个是学科内在逻辑，另一个是学生认识逻辑，两个逻辑的顺序往往不尽一致。

Deviant logic is a logic branch which are made up of by denying or modifying some basic principles of classical logic, including Intuitionism Logic, Many-Valued Logic, etc.

变异逻辑是由否定或修改经典逻辑的某些基本假定而形成的逻辑分支，包括直觉主义逻辑，多值逻辑等。

Based on our former work on agent BDI logic, multi-agent cooperation logics and multi-agent cooperative problem solving process modeling, as well as the work of Baral et al. on non-monotonic temporal logics, strong and weak exceptions were introduced to Alternating-time Temporal Logic that was the primogenitor of multi-agent cooperation logics. As a result, non-monotonic alternating-time temporal logic was developed, and its syntax and semantics were proposed.

在前期关于Agent BDI逻辑、多Agent合作逻辑、多Agent合作问题求解过程建模等研究工作的基础上，借鉴Baral等人开发非单调线性时态逻辑N-LTL的技术，利用强弱例外对多Agent合作逻辑的开创性工作交互时态逻辑进行拓展，建立非单调交互时态逻辑NATL，给出其语法和语义。

The properties and expression of knowledge are discussed in brief and binary and multiple truth expression and inference of knowledge are studied focally. The neural networks which can realized the three valued logic are overviewed. The new idea of uncertain inference based on three valued logic is proposed for the first time The models of neural logic, which can realize three valued logic and uncertain three valued logic inference are proposed, too. The learning algorithm of coefficient of MVL's function based on the canonical realization of MVL network is investigated for the first time and the appropriate algorithm is proposed.

4简要地论述了知识的特征及其表现形式，重点研究了知识的真值二值和多值表示法以及基于知识真值表示法的逻辑推理；通过对目前可实现三值逻辑推理的逻辑神经元及其网络的简要回顾，指出了各自的局限性，首次提出了基于三值逻辑的不定性推理的新概念以及可实现三值逻辑和三值逻辑不定性推理的逻辑神经元模型，同时对基于这种逻辑神经元模型的推理系统的应用领域进行了探索性尝试；另外，首次对基于多值逻辑网络正规实现的多值逻辑函数的系数参数的学习算法进行了研究，并提出了相应的学习算法。

Optical logic devices, especially the multiple-valued, threshold and fuzzy logic devices which are more powerful than the binary logic gates, are key elements in the optical computing systems.

光学逻辑元件，特别是在功能上高于二进制布尔逻辑的多值逻辑、阈值逻辑和模糊逻辑元件是光计算系统中不可缺少的关键元件。

He explained relevant clauses in Canon of Moism by referring to the theory of Western logic and Indian classical logic so that he could rather sufficiently revealed the logical meaning of many basic concept and propositions in Canon of Moism. Moreover his method had a great effect on the contemporary and following researchers of Chinese logical history.The fourth part is concluding remarks.

其次，正确运用逻辑方法深入地挖掘中国古代的逻辑思想，正确认识中国逻辑的特点，确立中正确认识中国逻辑的特点，确立中国古代逻辑在世界逻辑史上的地位，并通过中外逻辑思想的对比分析，找出我国逻辑科学发展中存在的问题及其原因，以推动我国逻辑科学的更大发展。

This deontic logic should be logic about normal propositions rather than logic ab...

但是 ，在行动逻辑基础上构建的道义逻辑是一个有关规范命题的逻辑，而不是规范的逻辑，在相当程度上也可以看成是一个规范命题逻辑和规范逻辑的混成物。

This deontic logic should be logic about normal propositions ra...

但是 ，在行动逻辑基础上构建的道义逻辑是一个有关规范命题的逻辑，而不是规范的逻辑，在相当程度上也可以看成是一个规范命题逻辑和规范逻辑的混成物。

Extended logic is a logic branch which are made up of by using classical logic to analyze some concepts or categories of some special subjects, particularly, philosophy, including Modal Logic, Deontic Logic, Tense Logic, etc.

逻辑扩展逻辑则是利用经典逻辑的工具，去分析某些具体学科特别是哲学中的概念或范畴而建立的逻辑学分支，如模态逻辑、道义逻辑、时态逻辑等。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。