逻辑学

In order to find its logic value and understand it how to affect logic. This paper is to discuss the book from the angle of methology and viewpoint of logic.

本文从方法论和逻辑学的观点出发，逐一讨论该书主题的逻辑价值及其对逻辑学发展的影响。

On the other hand, they usually use faulty analogy to study the logical thoughts in ancient China, and overlook the similarities and differences between the logical thoughts in ancient China and western logic. This means that the Chinese scholars, at the same time, have a monist conception of logic.

比附法在中国古代逻辑史领域曾有过巨大的历史贡献，但一味地坚持这种研究方法，或只注意到它的优点而忽视它的缺点，则无疑是把西方的逻辑学视为唯一的逻辑学，这是一元逻辑观；即以西方的逻辑学为参照物，又把西方的逻辑学视为一个平等的他者，也就是在研究中即注意中西逻辑学之相同的一面，又注意中西逻辑学之不同的一面，这是一种多元逻辑观。

R.Carnap's meaning theory is a milestone of history of logic. It has great influences on many branches of logic such as modal logic and Montagu's intension logic.

卡尔纳普的意义理论是逻辑学发展史上的一个重要的环节，对逻辑学的许多分支如模态逻辑、蒙塔古内涵逻辑等发生过重大影响。

However, there are few people realized that his logical theory is associated with his well-known pragmaticism, and his logical theory has not been explained in the scope of pragmaticism.

然而，却很少有人注意到皮尔士的逻辑学和他那早已为人所熟知的实用主义之间的关系。皮尔士逻辑学理论并没有被纳入到实用主义哲学观这一视角之下而得到阐释。

This notion is closely related to the notion of a predicate in formal logic, which includes more expressions than the former one, like, for example, nouns and some kinds of adjectives.

这一概念与形式逻辑学中的述语概念有紧密的关系。形式逻辑学中还包括了除述语以外的更多概念，如名词和一部分形容词。

In fact, once we take a closer examination on some of his classical texts, it's not very difficult for us to find that Mill's psychologism was strictly limited by himself. On the one hand, he asserted that the logic as an art got its theoretical basis from the logic as a science, which, in a very broad sense, was taken as a part of psychology, and on the other hand, he also asserted that logic could receive some enlightenment regarding how to construct a theory from psychology.

事实上，只要更仔细地研读穆勒本人的经典文本，我们就不难发现，穆勒对自己的心理主义做了严格的限定：他一方面断言，作为一项技艺的逻辑学从作为一门科学的逻辑学那里获得全部的理论基础，而作为科学的逻辑学广义上乃是心理学的一部分；另一方面他又断言逻辑学可以从心理学那里获得理论构造方面的启示。

Defining the problem. Firstly, two important concepts------judicialreasoning and the explanation of law ------are introduced. After that,law-applying process is examined by way of syllogistic argument. Hence, the work of this paper is determined: to analyze the law-applying process on 3 phrases cognizanting of the facts, interpreting of law and making judicial judgment; to define the mission of Logic concerning the difficulties of AI in Law System, and therefore to introduce my understanding of the main task of logic in 21st Century: problematic reasoning.

首先解释了本文所使用的两个重要概念：法律推理和法律解释，而后以三段论的方式考察了法律适用的过程，最后说明本文所要作的工作：在事实认定，法律解释，司法判决三个阶段上以逻辑的手段分析法律适用是如何进行的；逻辑和法律的新的契合点——人工智能法律系统所面临的困境给逻辑学规定了什么样的任务，并由此提出我所理解的逻辑学在21世纪的研究重点：或然性推理。

From the point of modern logic, the logic developed from traditional logic to classical symbolic logic then to non-classical logic.

从现代逻辑学的视野来看，逻辑学从古至今经历着从传统逻辑到经典逻辑再到非经典逻辑的发展过程。20世纪80年代以来，非经典逻辑在计算机科学和人工智能领域获得了基础性的地位。

The school of abstract logic holds that logic deals with the validity of argument, which is completely abstracted from the context of the argument used, and is essentially deductive logic and monotonic; while the school of embedded logic insists that logic is the study of standards for good arguments in real life, therefore it is essentially non-monotonic.

对这个问题的两种不同回答，形成了逻辑学的两个学派－抽象逻辑学派和具体逻辑学派。抽象派主张逻辑学是研究有效论证的科学，具体派则认为逻辑学是研究好论证的标准的科学。

The foundation education is changed direction the basic purpose of"education for all-round development" by"should try an education" to want intelligence at the child to develop a stage to come out their intelligences development with maximum limit, but the high school logic learn teaching to the foundation educate in of the intelligence development has important influence decision a function, so, as soon as possible become is suitable for high school logic in Yunnan to learn the school of teaching this a course to become each high school logic to learn the problem that the worker should value.

基础教育由&应试教育&转向&素质教育&根本目的是要在儿童智力发展阶段最大限度地把他们的智能开发出来，而高校逻辑学教学对基础教育中的智能开发有重要的影响决定作用，所以，尽快形成适合云南高校逻辑学教学的校本课程成为每一个高校逻辑学工作者应该重视的问题。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了