逻辑主义

After 1898, Russell submitted that all his philosophy would be structured and aptly described as logical atomism, in which some things would be taken as basic and some other things would need to be constructed from basics by way of careful logical processes.

在1898年，罗素提出，所有他的哲学的结构和恰当地描述的逻辑原子主义，其中有些事情将采取基本和一些其他的事情就必须从基础建设的方式认真的逻辑进程。

The economics methodology has formed a whole battery of analytical framework and tool under the influence of scientific philosophy, which is characterized by logic positivism, negativism and historical materialism. The fundamental characteristics of the economics methodology are based on the axiomatization positive logic deductive method, which assumes the rational human being as its hypothetic premise. The most remarkable characteristic of the economics methodology is the general application of mathematics in economics and it is developing forward to the more accurate and magnificent system.

特别是在以逻辑实证主义、证伪主义和历史主义为代表的科学哲学的影响下，经济学的方法论已经发展出一整套的分析框架与工具，基本特征是建立在"理性人"假设基础上的公理化的实证的逻辑演绎方法，最突出的表现是数学在经济学中的广泛应用，并正在向着更为精密与恢弘的体系演进。

Doctrinally, however, it seems that Stoics are nowhere. Though it is true that hints of Stoicism can be discerned in various areas of scholastic thought, none more so than scholastic logic, close scrutiny of these apparent similarities usually reveals differences on important matters of detail. Since the details matter when it comes to doctrinal affinity, Ebbesen concludes that Stoics were not important on this level.

但从学说的角度看，斯多葛主义似乎没有产生影响，尽管在经院哲学的不同领域确实可以找到斯多葛主义的蛛丝马迹，但除了经验哲学的逻辑外，只要对那些具有明显相似处进行仔细的考察，我们一般就能发现许多细节上的重要区别，由于这些细节在学说的自洽上具有举足轻重的地位，因此Sten Ebbesen得出结论：斯多葛主义在这个层面上并不重要。

From the basic standpoints of Marxism, based on the new achievement in Marxist research, using the method of textualism, the paper analyses the contents and the logical relations of the early Baudrillard's four texts: The System of Objects, The Consumer Society, For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign and The Mirror of Production.

本文从马克思主义哲学基本观点出发，以国内外马克思主义哲学研究最新成果为依托，通过文本学解读的方法，对早期鲍德里亚处于西方马克思主义影响之下的四个理论文本——《物体系》、《消费社会》、《符号政治经济学批判》和《生产之镜》——的内容及其内在逻辑关系进行了分析。

This study, by analyzing the image of "double otherness" Viking Women displayed in alien texts, and through the inspection of feminist history to Saga's narrative perspective and Viking women's remodeling masculine discourse, illustrates the historical visual threshold and narrative logic feminist history displayed via sources concerning Viking women.

本文通过对域外文献所描述的维京妇女的"双重他者"形象的女性主义解读、女性主义史学对萨迦女性叙事向度以及维京女性塑形的男子气话语解读等的审视，剖析了女性主义史学通过维京妇女史文献解析而展示出的历史视阈和叙事逻辑。

This thesis contains three parts.The first part is to explore the polemics of national interests on viewpoints and research methods between idealism and realism.The second part emphasises on study the innovation of research approach on national interests adv ocated by Behaviorism,and traditionalistic revise on its standpoints and research methods under the influence of this.

全文主要分为三个部分：第一部分，主要考察了理想主义和传统现实主义围绕国家利益这个概念在观点上的论争；第二部分，着重探讨了科学行为主义对国家利益研究方法的革新，以及传统主义受其影响的观点与方法修正；第三部分，重点论述了新现实主义与新自由主义关于国家利益的逻辑推导和主要观点，以及建构主义在对理性主义范式批判的基础上所形成的议程焦点。

Thirdly, when hackling happiness ethics thoughts of china and western countries, we find Chinese virtues which have been transferred for thousands of years being striked by what is called western modern civilization.

特别是现代社会人们的物质生活水平蒸蒸日上，仿佛人们更有理由来摒弃传统理性的道德约束，本文的内在思想逻辑就是希冀在快乐主义、禁欲主义、功利主义和消费主义等等林林总总的幸福思想和幸福理想中寻找一个能够体现人之为人之本性的内在线条。

He could have such influence because: first, there are serious problems in the theory and practice of international communist movement; second, it has something to do with his way of criticizing-to use the apparently pure scientific way in pure academic criticism; third, the focus of his criticism, which targeted at Marxist materialist historical view, was mainly the l7th-l8th century historicism, especially the dogmatic, vulgarized and distorted Marxist social historical theory; last but not the least, Marxist materialist historicism is the dialect logical results drawn from practice while Popper chiefly used formal logic and scientific way, the more easily understandable and acceptable way, in his criticism.

究其原因，我认为这首先与国际共产主义运动的理论与实践本身存在严重问题有关；其次与他批判的特点有关－用貌似纯科学的方法作纯学术的批判；三是其批判锋芒所指虽然也包括马克思主义的唯物史观，但主要是指17-18世纪历史决定论，特别是指被教条化、庸俗化和曲解了的马克思主义的社会历史理论；更深层的原因是，马克思主义的历史决定论是在实践中运用辩证逻辑概括出来的，而波普尔的批判主要运用的是形式逻辑和自然科学的方法，这样的逻辑和方法是人们通常比较容易理解和接受的方法。

He could have such influence because:first,there are serious problems in the theory and practice of international communist movement;second,it has something to do with his way of criticizing-to use the apparently pure scientific way in pure academic criticism;third,the focus of his criticism, which targeted at Marxist materialist historical view,was mainly the 17th-18th century historicism,especially the dogmatic,vulgarized and distorted Marxist social historical theory;last but not the least,Marxist materialist historicism is the dialect logical results drawn from practice while Popper chiefly used formal logic and scientific way,the more easily understandable and acceptable way,in his criticism.

究其原因，我认为这首先与国际共产主义运动的理论与实践本身存在严重问题有关；其次与他批判的特点有关用貌似纯科学的方法作纯学术的批判；三是其批判锋芒所指虽然也包括马克思主义的唯物史观，但主要是指17—18世纪历史决定论，特别是指被教条化、庸俗化和曲解了的马克思主义的社会历史理论；更深层的原因是，马克思主义的历史决定论是在实践中运用辩证逻辑概括出来的，而波普尔的批判主要运用的是形式逻辑和自然科学的方法，这样的逻辑和方法是人们通常比较容易理解和接受的方法。

To Bao Yarning , however , the logic of consumerism not only becomes the logic of our social space operation , but also the cultural logic dominating the daily life .

包亚明认为，消费主义的逻辑不仅成为了社会运用空间的逻辑，而且也成为了主导日常生活的文化逻辑；在全球城市的风景背后，精英阶层的消费文化&诉求&已经被合理化，自然化为与世界接轨的先决条件。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。