逻辑主义

Just as he used logic to describe the foundations of mathematics in Principia Mathematica , Russell would use logic to clarify philosophy, through his concept of logical atomism, and linguistics, through his theory of descriptions.

正如他所使用的逻辑描述的基础数学中的数学原理，罗素将使用的逻辑，以澄清理念，通过他的逻辑原子主义的概念，与语言学，通过他的理论说明。

His art represents another style of surrealism, which is organic surrealism. He tries to destroy the control of ration and logic, liberates unconsciousness and impulsive force of illogic mind, as well as to explore the secrets of the invisible realms and the visual world.

他的艺术代表了超现实主义的另一种风格，即有机的超现实主义，他企图要毁面理性和逻辑的主宰，把无意识和非逻辑心灵的冲力从中解放出来，且探测不可见领域和视觉世界的奥秘。

His art represents another style of surrealism, organic surrealism. He tries to destroy the control of ration and logic, liberates unconsciousness and impulsive force of illogic mind, as well as to explore the secrets of the invisible realms and the visual world.

他的艺术代表了超现实主义的另一种风格，即有机的超现实主义，他企图要毁面理性和逻辑的主宰，把无意识和非逻辑心灵的冲力从中解放出来，且探测不可见领域和视觉世界的奥秘。

Deviant logic is a logic branch which are made up of by denying or modifying some basic principles of classical logic, including Intuitionism Logic, Many-Valued Logic, etc.

变异逻辑是由否定或修改经典逻辑的某些基本假定而形成的逻辑分支，包括直觉主义逻辑，多值逻辑等。

Through the study of the trends of development of modern Western science methodology, the paper analyses the main features of three methodological models: prestippositionalist model of logics , relativist model of history and integrated model of logics and history.

本文以马克思主义观点审视现代西方科学方法论的演变趋势，揭示了现代西方科学方法论三大模型——预设主义的逻辑模型、相对主义的历史模型以及逻辑与历史相结合模型——的主要特征，并对西方各派方法论的成就与兴衰的缘由，作出了理论的概括和系统的评估。

Two intuitionistic systems of firstorder sentential calculus, Hilbert s type and natural deduction t ype, were introduced.

介绍了一阶命题演算的两个直觉主义系统：希尔伯特型及自然演绎型，并证明了这两个系统的等价性，揭示了直觉主义逻辑的内涵及与其他非经典逻辑的关

The author would further argue for the theses listed below:(1) Wittgenstein's"phenomenological period"could be regarded as the beginning of his lasting interest in"the philosophy of psychology"into the end of his life, whereas the interest of this kind didn't appear obviously in Tractatus;(2) By interpreting the"atomic propositions"as the simplest description of the data instead of avoiding illustrating what it is as Tractatus did, Wittgenstein's "phenomenological period"does show us an amazing affinity between his own standpoint at that time and that of the Russellian logical atomism, which is surely under the influence of the empiricist tradition;(3) Wittgenstein's critique of his phenomenology, however, revives the celebrated Tractarian dichotomy between"unspeakablity"and"speakablity"in a new context by denying any attempt to employ any linguistic tool to designate or describe the absoluteness of the data which could be only"shown".

本文所试图论证的要点可以被概括为：(1)维氏的"现象学阶段"可以被视为他关于"心理学的哲学"的长期学术兴趣的发端点——这一兴趣一直延续到他生命的终点，却并未体现于其早年作品《逻辑哲学论》之中；(2)通过将"原子命题"解释为对于感觉予料的最简单的描述（而不是像《逻辑哲学论》那样回避对于"原子命题"之所是的正面解说），维氏的"现象学阶段"乃是向我们展现了他该时期的哲学立场与罗素的经验论版本的"逻辑原子主义"之间的令人惊讶的亲缘关系；(3)通过否认任何试图用语言手段来标示或描述予料的企图，并通过对于予料自身的绝对性的展示，维氏对于他自己的"现象学"观念的批判实际上乃是复活了他在《逻辑哲学论》时代就已作出的对于"不可说性"与"可说性"的二分法。

He could have such influence because:first,there are serious problems in the theory and practice of international communist movement;second,it has something to do with his way of criticizing-to use the apparently pure scientific way in pure academic criticism;third,the focus of his criticism,which targeted at Marxist materialist historical view,was mainly the 17th-18th century historicism,especially the dogmatic,vulgarized and distorted Marxist social historical theory;last but not the least,Marxist materialist historicism is the dialect logical results drawn from practice while Popper chiefly used formal logic and scientific way,the more easily understandable and acceptable way,in his criticism.

究其缘故起因，我以为这首先与国际共产主义行为的理论与实践本身存在主要题目有关；其次与他批驳的特点有关用貌似纯科学的要领作纯学术的批驳；三是其批驳锋芒所指虽然也包孕马克思主义的唯物史不美观，但主若是指17—18世纪历史抉择论，出格是指被教条化、俗气化和误解了的马克思主义的社会历史理论；更深层的缘故起因是，马克思主义的历史抉择论是在实践中运用辩证逻辑概括出来的，而波普尔的批驳首要运用的是情势逻辑和自然科学的要领，这样的逻辑和要领是人们凡是对照轻易理解？理睬和接管的要领。

The author would further argue for the theses listed below:(1) Wittgenstein's"phenomenological period"could be regarded as the beginning of his lasting interest in"the philosophy of psychology"into the end of his life, whereas the interest of this kind didn't appear obviously in Tractatus;(2) By interpreting the"atomic propositions"as the simplest description of the data instead of avoiding illustrating what it is as Tractatus did, Wittgenstein's "phenomenological period"does show us an amazing affinity between his own standpoint at that time and that of the Russellian logical atomism, which is surely under the influence of the empiricist tradition;(3) Wittgenstein's critique of his phenomenology, however, revives the celebrated Tractarian dichotomy between"unspeakablity"and"speakablity"in a new context by denying any attempt to employ any linguistic tool to designate or describe the absoluteness of the data which could be only"shown".

本文所试图论证的要点可以被概括为：(1)维氏的&现象学阶段&可以被视为他关于&心理学的哲学&的长期学术兴趣的发端点——这一兴趣一直延续到他生命的终点，却并未体现于其早年作品《逻辑哲学论》之中；(2)通过将&原子命题&解释为对于感觉予料的最简单的描述（而不是像《逻辑哲学论》那样回避对于&原子命题&之所是的正面解说），维氏的&现象学阶段&乃是向我们展现了他该时期的哲学立场与罗素的经验论版本的&逻辑原子主义&之间的令人惊讶的亲缘关系；(3)通过否认任何试图用语言手段来标示或描述予料的企图，并通过对于予料自身的绝对性的展示，维氏对于他自己的&现象学&观念的批判实际上乃是复活了他在《逻辑哲学论》时代就已作出的对于&不可说性&与&可说性&的二分法。

The paper firstly examines the philosophical background. It holds that philosophical currents such as phenomenology and existentialism have an effect on this theory to some degree, and then traces the inner logic of origin and development of the theory from post-modernism and "anti-cultural" trend. Afterwards, it generalizes several important post-modern theorists such as Alain Robbe-Grillet, Roland Barthes, Susan Sontag, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze, Jean Baudrillard and so on. The paper proposes that "against-interpretation" is not only a literary critical claim, but also a cultural theory. Its attitude that overthrows and rebells tradition makes it inevitably tend towards the logic of deconstruction.Chapter two, chapter three and chapter four analyze in detail of Robbe-Grillet, sontag and Baudrillard respectively, and systematicly discuss the aesthetics pursuit and the cultural significance of the theory against interpretation through comparing the thoughts of them.

论文首先对反阐释理论产生的哲学背景作了辨析，认为现象学和存在主义哲学思潮在某种程度上对反阐释理论产生了一定的影响；再从60年代之后，后现代主义对现代性的批判与美国的&反文化&潮流两方面追寻反阐释理论产生与发展的内在逻辑；然后又概括介绍了阿兰·罗伯—格里耶、罗兰·巴尔特、苏珊·桑塔格、米歇尔·福科、雅克·德里达、吉尔·德勒兹、让·博德里亚等几位对反阐释理论发生过重要影响的后现代大家，指出&反对阐释&不只是一种文学批评主张，还是一种文化批判理论，它对传统的颠覆与反叛姿态使它不可避免地走向了&解构主义&的逻辑。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。