逻辑上的

The author points out: if lots of the conflicts of philosophical foundation the 20th century's quantum mechanics faced with, well-known to everybody, should be logically attributed to the confusions of the some fundamental concepts in the classical electromagnetic field theory, the series of logic inconsistencies implied in the classical electromagnetic theory and the forms of difficulties the modern computational electromagnetism encounters while solving time-varying electromagnetic field should be also logically attributed to an anomalous fact that series of fundamental mathematical propositions relating with bispinor differential operator, which naturally appears in the formal expression about dynamic electromagnetic field, have not be solved really while the related complete mathematic physical models or well posed boundary value problems have not been built.

著者指出：如果说20世纪的量子力学之所以面对哲学基础众所周知的矛盾，在逻辑上最终不能不归咎于经典电磁场理论体系的一些基本概念并没有真正得到澄清的话，那么，经典电磁场理论体系隐含的众多逻辑不自洽问题与目前计算动态电磁场所面对的困境，则必须逻辑地归咎于与双旋度微分算子相关的一系列基本数学命题并没有解决，而相关的恰当数学物理模型至今没有真正建立起来的缘故。

If a poset is explained into a set of propositions in the view of logic,then the algebraic completionis closed for the finite deduction system in logic,therefore,the algebraic completion reflects the logically closed extension of preliminary propositions.

本文考察(来源：A1dBCad论8a文网www.abclunwen.com)这种逼近状态是代数格的情形，一旦偏序关系看作信息的某种逻辑蕴含关系，代数完备的本质是从逻辑上封闭逻辑推理系统。

With Chinese Hetuvidyā compare, its characteristics and contribution primarily consist in: it inherits mainly Dharmakīrti's theory, Madhyamikakara being a predominance on dogmata, entrusting and clarifying anumāna, becoming rather special study method and educational system with argue and research in the long-term, creating new road of study Hetuvidyā uniquely, framing a logic system with"absorb category".

与汉传因明相比，其特点和贡献表现为：主要师承法称学说；在教理上以中观应成派为主导；倚重与阐发应成论式；在长期的论辩和研究中，形成了颇具特色的研习方法和学制；对逻辑义理的阐发独创新路，以"摄类"范畴为基本框架构筑逻辑体系。

Logical positivism was a quite influential school in the west at the beginning of twentieth century.

逻辑实证主义的塞本原则逻辑实证主义对经验的主张体现在意义证实原则上。

The constitutionalism is based on a public sphere with negative law as rule, so that it transforms the allocation of the modern political value logically, i.e. traditionally ,only the reasonable value is legitimate, whereas in the constitutionalism, only the legitimate value is reasonable. In other words, it has changed the standard of value from the former positive logic, based on the moralization of human nature, to the negative one, based on the legalization of human nature. Rawls and Hayek demonstrate this logic conversion from different ways separately.

由于宪政的法律制度预设的乃是一个否定性的以法律为尺规的公共领域，因此就把近现代有关政治价值的定位从逻辑上进行了一番改造，即传统政治价值形态那里所表述的是，只有合理的价值才是合法的，而宪政的法律制度则反过来表述为，只有合法的价值才是合理的，或者说，它把价值标准从过去那种以人的本性的道义化为基础的肯定性逻辑，转变为以人的本性的合法性为基础的否定性逻辑。

Aiming at more expressive description logic, the semantics and reasoning mechanism of terminological cycles are studied.

针对更大的描述逻辑系统研究了循环术语集的语义及推理机制，即在描述逻辑εL 的基础上添加数量约束构造算子，提出了描述逻辑εLN，给出了εLN 的语义(包括不动点语义和描述语义)。

Since the notion of maximal greatness, in contrast to the notion of an unlimited being as Malcolm defines it, is conceived in terms that straightforwardly entail existence in every logically possible world (and hence eternal existence in every logically possible world), there are no worries about whether maximal greatness, in contrast to unlimitedness, entails something stronger than eternal existence.

自从最大的伟大的观点，与观点相对照一无限作为 Malcolm 定义它，在正直地必要的术语被构思在每个逻辑地可能的世界上的存在(并且在每个逻辑地可能的世界上的因此永久的存在)，关于没有担心是否最大的伟大，与无限相对照，必要比永久存在强壮的一些东西。

He promised not to tell anyone else about it. To treat comrades like enemies is to go over to the side of the enemy. The manager announced his intention to retire. The old man walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.

作状语 不定式中的动词仍然具有动词的特性，可以有自己的宾语和状语，另外虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的主语，但它所表达的意义是动作，这一动作的执行者就是该动词的逻辑主语，动词不定式要和它的逻辑主语在语态和时态上保持一致。

The paradox in this article just means that the conclusion drawn from certain theorem of deontic logic does not accord with people's direct or common sense or habitual understanding, not means what we generally called, which would lead to contradictions in logical system.

文中所说的&悖论&，只是指由道义逻辑中的某个定理推出的结论，与人们在直观上或常识上或习惯上的理解是不相符的，也不是通常说的那种会导致逻辑系统产生矛盾的悖论。

As a method, scholasticism involves (1) the close, detailed reading of a particular book recognized as a great or authoritative work of human or divine origin - for example, Aristotle in logic, Euclid in geometry, Cicero in rhetoric, Avicenna and Galen in medicine, the Bible in theology - and (2) the open discussion in strict logical form of a relevant question arising from the text.

作为一种方法，士林涉及（ 1 ）关闭，详细阅读一书，特别是公认的作为一个伟大的或权威性的工作人或神的原产地-例如，亚里士多德在逻辑上，在欧几里得几何，西塞罗在修辞，阿维森纳和盖伦在医学上，圣经在神学-和（ 2 ）公开讨论在严格的逻辑形式有关问题所产生的案文。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。