逻辑上的

On the base of Frege's study, Russell put forward the theory of types to settle Russell's paradox. On the base of non-set, Russell brought forward axiom of infinity and axiom of option as the premises and built a system. He tried to defined the non-negative integer in logic terms and derive the theorems of arithmetic from the laws of logic by deductive method.

罗素在弗雷格研究的基础上，提出逻辑类型论来解决罗素悖论，以非集合论理论为基础，以无穷公理和选择公理为前提，利用逻辑概念定义数学概念，并构造系统，通过逻辑演绎法从逻辑公理推导数学定理。

Aimed to two major problems: one is not decidable and the other is no clear semantics. We construct a framework with explicit representation and formal semantics of goalsgoal description logics, which integrates two types of goals: declarative goals and procedural goals into one concept based on description logics. In addition, the goal plan is defined and analyzed, and some reasoning problems, such as goal consistency and goal satisfiability, are discussed. Contrary to traditional ways of goal description, GDLs can bridge the gap between theory and practice in a natural way.

针对传统的目标描述中存在的不可判定性以及没有清晰的语义等问题，在描述逻辑(description logics，DLs)上，将宣称型和过程型2种类型的目标描述有机地整合在一起，从而构建了具有清晰语义与可判定性的形式化框架--目标描述逻辑(goal description logics， GDLs)，在此基础上，定义了该框架下有关规划规则；建立了可用于判定目标一致性、目标可满足性的方法，与传统的目标描述方法相比，目标描述逻辑为主体领域模型提供了一种更有力的形式化工具，同时为智能主体的模型和设计提供了很好的理论工具。

And using thinking of evolvable hardware design,it had realized a novel way in simplifying the given logic function,which was different from conventional method,such as algebra way and Karnaugh map way.Experiments showed that evolvable hardware method could solve simplification of large scale logic function.

作者在对演化硬件设计理论的学习研究中，尝试了用遗传算法在可编程逻辑器件上应用来实现对某一给定的逻辑函数进行化简。2代数法和卡诺图法介绍[1]先给定一个逻辑函数F，并对其进行化简：F=A+ABC+AC+CD(1)2.1代数法化简代数法化简就是运用代数的公理、定理和规则对逻辑函数进行化简。

Setting out from symbolic logic, Russell was the first philosopher who destroyed the law of excluded middle in classical logic, and provided leads for the research into formalized fuzzy logic o...

皮尔斯是西方哲学史上确认"语言本身的模糊性"的第一位哲学家；维特根斯坦强调语言确定性与模糊性的并存关系，并试图将二者统一；罗素从符号逻辑的水平上首次打破了古典逻辑的排中律，开辟了形式化模糊逻辑或多值逻辑的研究道路。

The controversy between the monist and pluralist conception of logic also happens in the field of logic teaching.

传统逻辑与现代逻辑的争论，主要表现在如何改革大学文科逻辑教材上，也表现在以哪种逻辑作为研究中国古代关于逻辑的理论发展史的工具更合适的问题上。

He con-structed a logical system of being in such sublogical concepts as Li、Qi、Daotiand Daquan,etc.On relation between Tian Dao and Ren Dao,he not onlykept the former as the latter's basis,but also differentiated stringently betweenTian Dao's ontic realm and Ren Dao's moral realm.

其重建工作总体上以逻辑分析与逻辑构造为基本环节，其中既有理学的内容对新实在论基本原则的充实，又有逻辑方法对理学范畴体系的净化，并以理、气、道体、大全等准逻辑观念构造存在结构的方式表现出对天道的逻辑构造。

Based on our former work on agent BDI logic, multi-agent cooperation logics and multi-agent cooperative problem solving process modeling, as well as the work of Baral et al. on non-monotonic temporal logics, strong and weak exceptions were introduced to Alternating-time Temporal Logic that was the primogenitor of multi-agent cooperation logics. As a result, non-monotonic alternating-time temporal logic was developed, and its syntax and semantics were proposed.

在前期关于Agent BDI逻辑、多Agent合作逻辑、多Agent合作问题求解过程建模等研究工作的基础上，借鉴Baral等人开发非单调线性时态逻辑N-LTL的技术，利用强弱例外对多Agent合作逻辑的开创性工作交互时态逻辑进行拓展，建立非单调交互时态逻辑NATL，给出其语法和语义。

Optical logic devices, especially the multiple-valued, threshold and fuzzy logic devices which are more powerful than the binary logic gates, are key elements in the optical computing systems.

光学逻辑元件，特别是在功能上高于二进制布尔逻辑的多值逻辑、阈值逻辑和模糊逻辑元件是光计算系统中不可缺少的关键元件。

This deontic logic should be logic about normal propositions ra...

但是 ，在行动逻辑基础上构建的道义逻辑是一个有关规范命题的逻辑，而不是规范的逻辑，在相当程度上也可以看成是一个规范命题逻辑和规范逻辑的混成物。

On the basis of this discussions, the author gives the standard system of deontic logic which was created by Von Wright and abstracts the development from the classic system to the standard system of deontic logic.

真性模态和道义模态之间存在着类似和区别，在此基础上给出冯·赖特道义逻辑的经典系统，说明经典道义逻辑在向标准道义逻辑发展

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。