逻辑

They are: the achievements of textual research and exegesis of Zhu Zi Xue in Qing Dynasty; the promoting effect of the introducing Western theories that took on the research of Chinese classical logic; taking the doctrine of Moism and scientific logic method as a methodological weapon for propagating reformist thought and Liang Qichao"s favor to Mo Zi and theory of Moism.The second part is about Liang Qichao"s achievements of logic and methodology: he analyzed induction and deduction, and thoroughly analyzed induction in particular, and his thought about those was mainly correct; he analyzed comparison as a component of induction and discussed the cognitive function of comparison, he also explained how to use comparison in the research of history; he not only explicated the thinking process of analytical method and synthetic method, but also integrated the two methods with studying history and reading history , and turned them into specific research methods of history ;he expound the rule of causal law , just as Leibnizs principle of sufficient reason in Western modern times and the law of sufficient reasonin universal logic; he discussed nominal classification, and analyzed wrong classification of the forefathers, then he pointed out the significance of clarifying the basic of division .

不足在于：①梁启超对于各种科学方法的论述不够系统、全面；②梁启超比较研究方法仍存在一些缺陷，他的比较研究主要是将墨家论式与西方逻辑的三段论(有的与印度因明的三支作法)形式作求同研究，缺乏系统性和全面性，而且对三种逻辑的共同点和差异点的分析也缺乏理论深度，加之梁启超不懂得数理逻辑，缺乏精确的数理逻辑工具，因而使这种对比分析缺乏严密性和精确性。

In Russell's opinion, logic should be the foundation of mathematics. Then he put forward his topic that mathematics is the same as logic and it can be deoxidized to logic.

他认为，数学的基础应是逻辑，从而提出他的数学逻辑主义论题：数学与逻辑等同，全部数学可以化归为逻辑。

In Russells opinion, logic should be the foundation of mathematics. Then he put forward his topic that mathematics is the same as logic and it can be deoxidized to logic.

他认为，数学的基础应是逻辑，从而提出他的数学逻辑主义论题：数学与逻辑等同，全部数学可以化归为逻辑。

With the background of application of fuzzy control techniques to a rather typical complex control system, gas-burning water heater, theories, applications and techniques of fuzzy information processing have been studies. The obtained results include:(1) For lattice-valued logic systems based on lattice implication algebras, two dynamical lattice-valued propositional logic Lvpl and lattice-valued first-order logic Lvfl have been constructed, and some theories and methods of fuzzy reasoning have been proposed based on fuzzy set theory and multi-valued logic.(2) Some methods for designing and optimizing fuzzy control systems and some corresponding control algorithms have been proposed, and some new theories and methods for fuzzy control rule base and fuzzy control system performance analysis have been introduced.(3) 6 fuzzy control systems have been developed, and some difficult problems on craft of manufacture, batch consistency, quality stability, installation and main

本项目以模糊控制技术用于燃气热水器这一较典型的复杂控制系统为应用背景，在模糊信息处理的理论、应用和技术三个层次开展了相关的研究工作：(1)进一步研究了基于格蕴涵代数的格值逻辑系统，建立了两种动态的格值命题逻辑Lvpl和格值一阶逻辑Lvfl，并基于模糊集理论和多值逻辑提出了多种模糊推理的理论与方法；(2)提出了模糊控制系统的多种设计及优化方法与控制算法，建立了模糊控制规则库和模糊控制系统性能分析的一些新理论与新方法；(3)研制完成了6个模糊控制系统，还特别解决了模糊控制燃气热水器和智能控制燃气热水器在产业化过程中的生产工艺、批量一致、质量稳定、安装维修和性能价格等一系列难题，做好了批量生产前的技术准备，现已小批量生产。

We can see that they are both philosophers and logicians, so we may find the grounds of their different kinds of analysis of proper names in first-order and modal logics.

但是应看到，弗雷格、罗素和克里普克不但是哲学家而且也都是逻辑学家，他们的哲学理论都有他们各自的逻辑理论的支持，因此他们对专名的不同分析可以从一阶逻辑与模态逻辑中找到依据。

Based on representative opinions about these questions which are raised by philosophers and logicians,the author thinks:1Truth and

作者分析了以往哲学家、逻辑学家对这些问题的一些代表性看法，认为：(1)&逻辑真&不是真的一个子类；(2)逻辑真只能测量观念形式上的关系；(3)逻辑真是认识论意义上的概念，它的本体论说明是一个&自足观念模式&的良性内循环结构。

Marx built up Historical Materialism, which realized the transformations from scientific logic to historical logic, from material logic to human logic, and provided the interpreted principles for the view of subsistence and the view of historical orientation with Marx's new material philosophy.

马克思创立历史唯物主义，实现了从科学逻辑向历史逻辑的转变，从物的逻辑向人的逻辑的转变，为马克思的新唯物主义哲学提供了生存论的解释原则和历史性解释原则。

The different debates about dialectical logic in the 21〓 century reflect the different attitude to dialectical logic. The monist conception of logic takes the so-called dialectical logic as a sub-discipline of philosophy and denies its legitimacy, and the pluralists differentiate dialectical logic from dialectic and regard the former as a kind of logic.

从20世纪30年代到世纪末，中国学者对辩证逻辑的看法走过了这样一个历程：30-40年代，有&辩证法可否成为逻辑&的争论；50-60年代，几乎没有学者公开对辩证逻辑作为逻辑的合法地位提出质疑；80年代之后，又起辩证逻辑是不是逻辑之争，但反对者的观点已变为&辩证逻辑不是逻辑&。80年代以后，中国学者对辩证法与辩证逻辑的区分已非常自觉。

The author would further argue for the theses listed below:(1) Wittgenstein's"phenomenological period"could be regarded as the beginning of his lasting interest in"the philosophy of psychology"into the end of his life, whereas the interest of this kind didn't appear obviously in Tractatus;(2) By interpreting the"atomic propositions"as the simplest description of the data instead of avoiding illustrating what it is as Tractatus did, Wittgenstein's "phenomenological period"does show us an amazing affinity between his own standpoint at that time and that of the Russellian logical atomism, which is surely under the influence of the empiricist tradition;(3) Wittgenstein's critique of his phenomenology, however, revives the celebrated Tractarian dichotomy between"unspeakablity"and"speakablity"in a new context by denying any attempt to employ any linguistic tool to designate or describe the absoluteness of the data which could be only"shown".

本文所试图论证的要点可以被概括为：(1)维氏的&现象学阶段&可以被视为他关于&心理学的哲学&的长期学术兴趣的发端点——这一兴趣一直延续到他生命的终点，却并未体现于其早年作品《逻辑哲学论》之中；(2)通过将&原子命题&解释为对于感觉予料的最简单的描述（而不是像《逻辑哲学论》那样回避对于&原子命题&之所是的正面解说），维氏的&现象学阶段&乃是向我们展现了他该时期的哲学立场与罗素的经验论版本的&逻辑原子主义&之间的令人惊讶的亲缘关系；(3)通过否认任何试图用语言手段来标示或描述予料的企图，并通过对于予料自身的绝对性的展示，维氏对于他自己的&现象学&观念的批判实际上乃是复活了他在《逻辑哲学论》时代就已作出的对于&不可说性&与&可说性&的二分法。

The pulse sequences for achieving some logic operations of cycles and transpositions of quantum states have been devised.

本文的主要工作包括以下内容：●通过分析在核磁共振实验中实现基本通用量子逻辑门的脉冲系列，设计了实现对量子态进行各种轮换操作、对换操作的逻辑部件的脉冲系列，在实验中用这些脉冲系列实现了预先设计逻辑部件的逻辑功能。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。