逻辑

In The Big Typescript, this dichotomy is detailed in his analysis of the temporal, spatial and genitive expressions, resulting in the distinction between the unspeakable"memory-time"(Ged〓chtniszeit) and the speakable"physical time", and that between the unspeakable"visual space" and the speakable"Euclidean space", etc;(4) From another perspective, the destruction of the conception of the "phenomenological language"could also be seen as the logical consequence of the radicalization of the one and the same conception, since this destruction does reinforce rather than weaken RLF's original intention of distinguishing the physical system from what are given in phenomena by demonstrating the incompatibility between this intention itself and the insistence on the speakability of the phenomena, which gives birth to the illusion of the"phenomenological language";(5) Nevertheless, what the radical distinction between the sense-data and the physical language (as the unique possible language) implies, according to Wittgenstein, is not that the latter has nothing to do with the former, but that the association between the two does not follow the"original sample-copy"pattern but the"screen-presenting-filmoperation"pattern, which indicates that phenomenon itself can be aroused by or included in-rather than to be described by-the physical language/system;(6) Thus Wittgenstein leads us to depart from the obsolete ambition of representing the immediately given data perfectly for a new destination where a comprehensive "perspicuity" of the"grammar"should be required and where his later philosophy is coming into being.

在《大打字稿》中，这一二分法在他对于时间表达式、空间表达式与人称表达式的分析中得到了细化，并导致了他对于"记忆时间"与"物理时间"的区分，以及对于"视觉空间"与"欧几里得空间"的区分，等等；(4)从另一个视角来看，维氏对于"现象学语言"观念的拆解也可以被视为同一观念在被加以彻底化后所导出的必然后果，因为这一拆解工作实际上乃是加强了，而不是削弱了他在写作《略论逻辑形式》时就已怀有的信念，即：必须将物理系统严格地区分于在现象中被直接给予的东西。换言之，维氏在这一拆解工作中所做的，只不过就是暴露了这一信念本身与对于现象之"可说性"的坚执之间的固有矛盾罢了——而所谓"现象学语言"的幻相，亦正是导源于上述坚执；(5)然而，根据维氏的本意，感觉予料与物理语言之间巨大的逻辑差异却并不意味着后者与前者毫无关联，而只是意味着两者之间的关系并不遵循着所谓的"原本—摹本"模式，而遵循的乃是"屏幕呈现—胶片运作"模式。

The logic function classification with spectral coefficients is discussed and the definition of characteristic threshold logic function is given.

由于阈值逻辑门具有很强的逻辑功能以及其它独特的优点，受到了国内外学术界的重视[1～3]。

According to analyzing the characteristic of the logic of "and" and "or" gates, this paper derives a conversion rule between the logic of fault tree and the step function. Using this conversion, we can convert fault tree to step function which is easy to calculate by programming in the computer.

通过对故障树中逻辑"与"门和"或"门的特点进行分析，推导出故障树逻辑关系与阶跃函数之间的转换规则，利用该规则可将故障树转化为便于编程求解的函数表达式。

On the one hand, Implication paradox provides semantics grounding for two conditional inference principles; on the other hand, the discovery of implication paradox arouses logicians discussion to the implication theory and makes them put forward many new implication theories such as: strict implication -, relevant implication and etc., and promotes the development of the implication theory and makes implication theory step down mysterious palace, and gradually penetrates into many other concrete sciences.

一方面，正是由于蕴涵怪论为传统逻辑两个假言推理规则提供了语义学根据；另一方面，正是由于蕴涵怪论的发现，引发了逻辑学家们对蕴涵理论的深入探讨，提出了许多新的蕴涵理论如严格蕴涵，相干蕴涵，衍推蕴涵等等，推动了逻辑学蕴涵理论的发展，并促使蕴涵理论走下神秘的殿堂，而逐步深入到许多具体的学科中去。

Starting from the structural ideas of contemporary linguistics, he argued that there is one universal form of human logic and that the difference between the thinking of primitive and modern people cannot be based on different modes of thought or logic but rather on differences in the data on which logic operates.

从结构思想的当代语言学，他认为，有一个普遍的形式逻辑与人类之间的差别思想的原始和现代的人不能基於不同的思维方式和逻辑，而是对不同的数据其中的逻辑运作。

Kant believed that all the possible propositions within Aristotle's syllogistic logic are equivalent to all possible judgments, and that all the logical operators within the propositions are equivalent to the moments of the understanding within judgments.

康德认为在亚里斯多德的演绎逻辑范围内的所有可能的命题就是所有可能的判断，这些命题中的所有逻辑运算符号都是判断中知性环节。

Defining the problem. Firstly, two important concepts------judicialreasoning and the explanation of law ------are introduced. After that,law-applying process is examined by way of syllogistic argument. Hence, the work of this paper is determined: to analyze the law-applying process on 3 phrases cognizanting of the facts, interpreting of law and making judicial judgment; to define the mission of Logic concerning the difficulties of AI in Law System, and therefore to introduce my understanding of the main task of logic in 21st Century: problematic reasoning.

首先解释了本文所使用的两个重要概念：法律推理和法律解释，而后以三段论的方式考察了法律适用的过程，最后说明本文所要作的工作：在事实认定，法律解释，司法判决三个阶段上以逻辑的手段分析法律适用是如何进行的；逻辑和法律的新的契合点——人工智能法律系统所面临的困境给逻辑学规定了什么样的任务，并由此提出我所理解的逻辑学在21世纪的研究重点：或然性推理。

Kant believed that al l the possible propositions within Aristotle's syllogistic logic are equivalent to all possible judgments, and that all the logical operators within the propositions are e quivalent to the moments of the understanding within judgments.

康德认为在亚里斯多德的演绎逻辑范围内的所有可能的命题就是所有可能的判断，这些命题中的所有逻辑运算符号都是判断中知性环节。

The Logic-information method is one kind of theories of quantification, and it is a comprehensive mathematical analysis method based on symbolic logic, Comprehensive analysis, and mathematical statistics.

逻辑信息法是数量化理论的一种，该方法是以数理逻辑、组合分析及数理统计为基础的一种综合数学分方法。

Considering that symbolic logic is an extremely specialized field (a layman would not understand an article on logic), it was not that different from engineering or science.

考虑到符号逻辑是个极专门的学科（这是从外行人看不懂得逻辑文章来说），它和理工科差不太多的。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。