逻辑

Logicism holes that mathematics can be reduced to logic, but the logicists were beaten by the discovery of the set paradox, because they have not discerned the intrinsic differences between logic and mathematics.

逻辑主义认为数学可以化归为逻辑，集合论悖论的发现给逻辑主义者造成重大的打击，逻辑主义失败的原因在于他们没有看到逻辑与数学之间存在着质的区别。

The controversy between the monist and pluralist conception of logic also happens in the field of logic teaching.

传统逻辑与现代逻辑的争论，主要表现在如何改革大学文科逻辑教材上，也表现在以哪种逻辑作为研究中国古代关于逻辑的理论发展史的工具更合适的问题上。

He con-structed a logical system of being in such sublogical concepts as Li、Qi、Daotiand Daquan,etc.On relation between Tian Dao and Ren Dao,he not onlykept the former as the latter's basis,but also differentiated stringently betweenTian Dao's ontic realm and Ren Dao's moral realm.

其重建工作总体上以逻辑分析与逻辑构造为基本环节，其中既有理学的内容对新实在论基本原则的充实，又有逻辑方法对理学范畴体系的净化，并以理、气、道体、大全等准逻辑观念构造存在结构的方式表现出对天道的逻辑构造。

Logic such as knowledge logic, belief 1ogi, and so on, can be regarded as a "positive" logic, and doubting logic as a "negative" one.

如果说知道逻辑、信念逻辑都是"正"的逻辑的话，那麽怀疑逻辑则是"负"的逻辑。

Trairūpya is not the rule of avayava and reasoning but logic axiom of new-Hetuvidyā and it is the footstone of Hetuvidyā.

从逻辑公理与逻辑规则在根本性质、地位和作用、概括性和稳定性的比较中可看出，因三相体现着逻辑公理的性质和特点，而没有表征逻辑规则的性质和特征，因此学术界将因三相当作逻辑规则是不妥当的。

Optical logic devices, especially the multiple-valued, threshold and fuzzy logic devices which are more powerful than the binary logic gates, are key elements in the optical computing systems.

光学逻辑元件，特别是在功能上高于二进制布尔逻辑的多值逻辑、阈值逻辑和模糊逻辑元件是光计算系统中不可缺少的关键元件。

One of the basic differences between sentencial logic and quantifier logic,or predicate logic,is that in sentential logic we take the sententially simple sentence as an unanalyzed whole,while in predicate logic we analyze these simple sentences into their component parts.

句子逻辑与限定逻辑或谓词逻辑的基本区别之一是句子逻辑中，我们把一个简单句看作未经分析的整体，而谓词逻辑中我们分析这些简单句，分析出他们的组成部分。

One of the basic differences between sentencial logic and quantifier logic,or predicate logic,is that in sentential logic we take the sententially simple sentence as an unanalyzed whole,while in predicate logic we analyze these simple sentences into their component parts.3 f0 o j: W

句子逻辑与限定逻辑或谓词逻辑的基本区别之一是句子逻辑中，我们把一个简单句看作未经分析的整体，而谓词逻辑中我们分析这些简单句，分析出他们的组成部分。

Comparing withHayek's theory on society method, I believe constitution litigationmechanism must considering the following conclusion in modelingconstitutional method: first, the acquiring of constitutional method isusually effects system vicissitudes. Although constitutional arbitramentcan form definite constitutional method, it can't achieve perduringsubstantial results level of method; secondly, constitutional method isformed virtually by the mixture of two kind of potence, and one is socialpotence, the other is governmental potence. The constitutional method'srationality in logic structure rests directly with the wrestling process ofconstitutional logic and social process. Constitutional method is more akind of simulative conformation of natural logic and social logic, itforms by the wrestling of government, public, legislature andconstitution judging organ. Fourthly, the maintenance of constitutionalmethod depends on the inner power sustained by faith and exteriorpower coming from the background of compulsion. Fifthly,constitutional method itself is a dynamic structure, and it's realizingquomodo and vindicating means is being in vicissitude, however, it canonly provide condition and inspiritment.

对照哈耶克的社会秩序理论，笔者认为，宪法诉讼机制在型构宪政秩序时必然要照顾到以下结论：其一，宪政秩序的取得，往往是一个制度自然变迁的结果，宪法裁决虽然也可能在短期内形成一定的宪法秩序，不过却无法强行地达到一个较大范围内持久的秩序实效水准；其二，宪政秩序实际上是由两种力量交合而成的，一是社会力量，一是政府力量，宪政秩序的逻辑结构的合理性直接取决于宪法逻辑和社会逻辑之间的博弈过程；其三，宪政秩序更多的是一种对自然逻辑和社会逻辑的模拟形态，是经由政府、公众、立法机关与宪法裁判机构的合作博弈而形成的，宪法诉讼的功用至多在于提供博弈规则，以实现纳什均衡；其四，宪政秩序的维护主要依靠来自信念支持的内部力量与来自强制背景的外部力量；其五，宪政秩序本身是一个动态的、常新的结构，其实现方式与维护手段也处于不断变迁之中，但无论如何，宪法诉讼机制所能提供的只是制约与激励两种。

In the second stage (1958-1968), he was influenced by the new development in the Philosophy of Logic, paying closer attention to Modal Logic, Intensional Logic, Higher-Order Logic, the Philosophy of Logic and so on.

第二阶段（1958-1968）受逻辑哲学最新发展的影响，更关注模态逻辑、内涵逻辑、高阶逻辑及逻辑哲学等方面的问题。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。