逻辑

ELNF calculus is a functional/logic calculus system which based on LNF calculus by extending it to include logic programming ability.

ELNF演算的解释技术金海，李智勇，张运桢，阳富民，银海（华中理工大学计算机系，武汉430074）摘要ELNF演算是我们在LNF演算的基础上扩充逻辑程序设计能力而得到的一种函数／逻辑演算系统，它构成了作者设计的函数／逻辑语言RFUNLOG的基础。

We can get complex individual terms produced by combination of simple individual terms and a functional expression.

个体变元与个体常元的逻辑性质不同，它们与谓词、量词组合的公式在一阶逻辑与模态逻辑中的表现也是不同的。

This paper is the second part of an introduction to linear logic and ludics, both due to Girard.

本文是《线性逻辑和态极逻辑引论》一文的第二部分。文章致力于证明网（第1节）和态极逻辑（第2，3，4和5节）。

Aimed to two major problems: one is not decidable and the other is no clear semantics. We construct a framework with explicit representation and formal semantics of goalsgoal description logics, which integrates two types of goals: declarative goals and procedural goals into one concept based on description logics. In addition, the goal plan is defined and analyzed, and some reasoning problems, such as goal consistency and goal satisfiability, are discussed. Contrary to traditional ways of goal description, GDLs can bridge the gap between theory and practice in a natural way.

针对传统的目标描述中存在的不可判定性以及没有清晰的语义等问题，在描述逻辑(description logics，DLs)上，将宣称型和过程型2种类型的目标描述有机地整合在一起，从而构建了具有清晰语义与可判定性的形式化框架--目标描述逻辑(goal description logics， GDLs)，在此基础上，定义了该框架下有关规划规则；建立了可用于判定目标一致性、目标可满足性的方法，与传统的目标描述方法相比，目标描述逻辑为主体领域模型提供了一种更有力的形式化工具，同时为智能主体的模型和设计提供了很好的理论工具。

In terms of this framework, we have designed a pointer logic system for a subset of C language. The style of this logic is something like the style of Hoare logic. It can be used for accurate pointer analysis of pointer programs. The information from the analysis can be used to prove the side conditions of typing rules and then to support static type checking of programs.

根据这个框架，我们为C语言的一个子集设计了一种指针逻辑系统，该逻辑系统的形式和Hoare逻辑的形式类似，它可用来对指针程序进行精确的指针分析，所获得信息用来证明指针程序是否满足定型规则的附加条件，以支持程序的静态类型检查。

Using the infinite product of unevenly distributed probability space with potential of 3, the concept of formula truth degree was introduced into the Gdel 3-valued propositional logic system. Moreover, it was proved that in the 3-value (1/4, 1/2, 1/4), measure the set of truth of degree of propositions was dense in [0, 1], and a general expression of truth degree was obtained, providing a basis for further developing approximate reasoning of 3-valued propositional logic system.

利用势为3的非均匀概率空间的无穷乘积，在Gdel三值命题逻辑系统中引入公式的真度概念，在三值逻辑(四分之一，二分之一，四分之一)测度下证明G3中全体公式的真度值之集在[0， 1]上是稠密的，并给出公式真度的表达通式，为进一步在三值命题逻辑系统中展开近似推理奠定基础。

It introduces the basic knowledge and ideas of mathematical logic and classic set theory, including proposition logic and predicate logic, reasoning calculus and theorem proving methods, basic operations and properties of sets and relations, functions of any sets and their properties, the cardinals of infinite sets, and the applications of knowledge and ideas above in computer sciences.

本课程系统介绍数理逻辑与朴素集合论的基础知识，包括：命题逻辑和谓词逻辑、定理的推理演算和机器证明方法，集合和二元关系的基本运算和性质、任意集合中的函数及其性质，无穷集合的基数，以及上述知识在计算机科学中的应用。

In order to describe the dynamic and complicated process model exactly, we propose the logic situation calculus based on the expanding the situation calculus and describe the virtual enterprise in this formal logic framework.

为了准确地描述虚拟企业这种动态的、复杂的建模过程，我们对情景演算这种形式化逻辑框架进行扩展，提出了逻辑情景演算，并以逻辑情景演算来描述虚拟企业的运作过程。

The similarity logic calculus systems based on incomplete information and incomplete case knowledge is constructed by using a first order modal logic and a simplified second order predicate calculus. The grammar、semantics and inference rule are described.

采用传统的一阶模态谓词逻辑和简化的二阶谓词逻辑分别构建了基于信息不完整和实例知识不完整的相似性逻辑演算系统IISL和IKSL，给出了系统的语法、语义和推理规则。

This is the logic circuit of a microcomputer and microprocessors are often the same as a microcomputer.

这是微型计算机的逻辑电路，微处理器的逻辑电路是和微型计算机的逻辑电路一样的。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。