造林

With the principle of innovation, this paper has studied the social influence of Sino-German Financial Cooperation Project, and has made an elemental analysis of it.

本文以&创新&为切入点，对中德财政合作造林项目产生的社会影响进行了探讨，对其进行了因素分析。

With the principle of innovation, this paper has studied the social influence of Sino-German Financial Cooperation Project, and has made an elemental analysis of it.

中文摘要：本文以&创新&为切入点，对中德财政合作造林项目产生的社会影响进行了探讨，对其进行了因素分析。

In about a century' s time, their livelihood of swidden agriculture has been changing greatly along with the natural and social environment change. Before 1950s, as a minor group frequently move in the subtropical mountainous area characterized by scarce arable land, high forest coverage rate and sparse population, Kemu people has long been engaged in swidden agriculture which was simple, called for no sophisticated production tools and was suitable for frequent movement. At that time, they adapted to the environment change mainly by moving frequently from one place to another, and their livelihood was featured by complete dependence on environment, frequent movement and swiddening without continuous cultivation. From 1950s to early 1970s, their way of adaptation changed into migration within defined territory and shortterm fallow featured by complete dependence on environment, migration within limited area and short fallow. In early 1970s, they leaned from outside to cultivate irrigated fields and plant cash forest and their livelihood was featured by complete dependence on environment and agro-forestry.

近一个世纪以来，随着其所处自然环境和社会环境的变迁，其刀耕火种的生计方式在不断地变化：20世纪50年代以前，作为频繁迁徙于山多地少、森林覆盖率高、人烟稀少的热带、亚热带山区的弱小族群，以开发容易，便于流动作业不需要复杂生产设施的刀耕火种为其传统的生计方式，主要以迁徙的方式对环境变迁进行调适，其刀耕火种生计方式的特征表现为完全依赖型、随意迁徙型、无轮作型；20世纪50年代至70年代，其主要以固定区域内迁徙和短期轮作的方式对环境变迁进行调适，其刀耕火种生计方式的特征表现为完全依赖型、在固定区域迁徙型、短期轮作型刀耕火种；20世纪70年代初，其主要以外文化——开拓水田及人工造林的方式对环境变迁进行调适，其刀耕火种生计方式的特征表现为部分依赖型、粮林轮作型刀耕火种；20世纪80年代以后，其主要以发展橡胶种植业对环境变迁进行调适，其刀耕火种生计方式的特征表现为暂时依赖型刀耕火种。

Afforestation and nursery stock base to provide the most good seedlings.

造林和苗木基地提供最好的苗木。

Up to now,great progresses in the construction of eco-environment have been made,especially afforestation in the"Three Norths"of North,Northeast and Northwest China.

我国以植树造林为核心的生态环境建设取得了很大成绩，到1997年全国已累计造林4627万hm2，其中&三北地区&3024万hm2。

Mongolica live were elaborated in detail. P. sysvestris var. mongolica live is naturally distributed in Greater Hinggan Mountains and Hulunbuir prairie in China and has been widely cultivated in "Three Norths" area since 1950's due to many years of introduction for cultivation.

樟子松在我国天然分布于大兴安岭和呼伦贝尔沙地草原，从20世纪50年代开始，经过多年的引种栽培，现已在&三北&地区被广泛地推广应用，成为造林的主要乔木树种，并对防治沙漠化起到了巨大的作用。

These projects are: the ''three norths'' shelterbelts (the western area of Northeast, and the northern parts of North and Northwest China), the shelterbelts along the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the coastal shelterbelts, the plain farmland shelterbelts, the Taihang Mountains afforestation project, the anti-desertification project, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Huaihe River and Taihu Lake basins, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Pearl River basin, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Liaohe River basin, and the shelterbelts along the middle reaches of the Yellow River.

这十大林业生态工程是：&三北&(东北西部、华北北部、西北地区)防护林体系工程、长江中上游防护林体系工程、沿海防护林体系工程、平原农田防护林体系工程、太行山绿化工程、防治沙漠化工程、淮河太湖流域综合治理防护林体系工程、珠江流域综合治理防护林体系工程、辽河流域综合治理防护林体系工程、黄河中游防护林体系工程，规划造林总面积1.2亿公顷。

After using the forestation method of spray sowing and inserting dry seedlings, the area of fouryearnaturalregeneration poplar and willow has taken up 5 percent of controlled area, with the area of artificialspraysowing poplar and willow taking up ten percent and the area of artificialspraysowing shrub and herbage ta...

采用喷播和深松插干造林方法，4年天然更新的杨树和柳树占治理面积的5%左右，人工栽培的杨树和柳树占10%，人工喷播的灌木、牧草占10%。在沙丘上部植被覆盖度由10%～15%增加到40%～50%，丘间低地和风蚀洼平地由50%～60%增加到75%～85%。流动沙丘初步恢复为疏林草地型固定与半固定沙丘。

As a native species to China, Populus cathayana Rehd is well-adapted to the wet and cold environments where it occurs. It is considered to be an important reforestation species in western China.

青杨作为一个本土树种，能较好的适应潮湿和寒冷的环境，对中国西部的人工造林有着重要的参考价值。

Implementation of the requirements for intensive management of commercial forests, and to determine the reasonable amount of logging in; banned to protect the forests of the main stand a better site conditions, the test can be stratified business uneven-aged forest; Yilin according to the site conditions Provides a different mode of reforestation; priority to the development of the industrialization of edible fungi, mountain vegetables, almonds, fruit juice, and other items.

实施方案要求对商品林进行集约经营，并确定了合理年采伐量；对公益林以封禁保护为主，立地条件较好的林分，可以试营复层异龄林；对宜林地按立地条件不同规定了造林模式；产业化重点发展食用菌、山野菜、杏仁产品、浓缩果汁等项目。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。