造林

Observation about status of wind gap on coastal shore and comprehensive analysis on technology on location showed that the key technology of establishing protection forest in wind gap on coastal shore is adopting mature seedling of Casuarina equisetifolia with stronger resistance and grow faster.

通过对海岸风口沙地现状的观测和对该地段造林技术的综合分析表明：风口沙地营建防护林的关键是采用具有抗性强且又速生的木麻黄大苗，深穴整地，适时造林，放客土、施磷肥和建立有效的挡风屏障等综合配套技术，造林成活率可达到98。

Afforestation costs for seedlings with mudding root and bare-root seedlings are approximately equivalent, so do no-woven-cloth container seedlings with balanced root system and plastic container seedlings, and their costs decrease by 30.5%~32.1% compared with that of bare-root seedlings.

结果表明：应用无纺布容器苗、塑料袋容器苗、蘸泥浆苗造林的8个树种的平均成活率较裸根苗造林提高151.9%~522.8%，栽植当年平均新梢生长量提高325.0%~1475.0%；应用平衡根系无纺布容器苗与塑料袋容器苗的造林成本相当，比裸根苗降低30.5%~32.1%，蘸泥浆苗与裸根苗的造林成本基本相当。

Themain results are as follows:(1)The utilization-oriented silvicultureshould be regarded as a silvicultural regime or system,that can bestsatisfy the special economic,social or ecological demand for a given regionwith lowest cost and fast speed,using specifically oriented,systematic andadvanced technical measures on the basis of characteristics of tree species,natural and economic conditions and local technical and development levels.

主要研究结果如下：(1)定向培育应该做为一种森林培育制度来对待，即定向培育是根据经济、社会和生态上的特定要求，确定相应的培育目标，然后根据造林地区和造林地的条件，造林树种或树种组合的特性，以及当地经济和技术水平，采用相应专向，系统、先进、配套的培育技术体系，以可能的最低成本和最快速度，达到定向要求的一种森林培育制度。

However remarkable impacts were observed in the plantation in terms of community physiognomy,community structure,species composition,species richness,and biomass accumulation.1 Planting trees made community structure simple.Betula alnoidis plantation had three layers including a dominant arbor layer,a complex and well developed shrub layer and a poorly developed vine layer.The arbor layer contained few species and had a single layer.The mountain rain forest had 4 layers including the dominant arbor layer,shrub layer,grass layer and vine layer.The vine layer was well developed and very rich in species composition,and the arbor layer contained as many as 38 species that could be grouped into 3 layers.2 Sequenced by the important value,main species for the plantation and the nature forest were totally different,and the plantation had one dominant species while the nature forest contained many dominant species.3 Planting trees changed the community physiognomy.

但是人工种植西南桦林对群落的季相外貌、群落的结构、物种组成、物种丰富度以及生物量等方面有较大的影响。1人工造林使得群落结构简化，西南桦人工林的层次结构有3层，以乔木层占优势，并且有种类多而发达的灌木层，同时，藤本植物欠发达，但是乔木层树种单一，明显仅有一层；山地雨林的层次结构有4层，以乔木层占优势，还有灌木层、草本层和藤本植物，藤本植物种类多，十分发达；乔木层树种丰富，可达38种，乔木层还可分为3层。2人工造林较大程度地改变了群落的物种组成，根据重要值的大小排列，人工林和天然林的主要物种组成已经完全不同；并且人工林单优树种明显，而天然林就含有较多的优势树种。3人工造林改变了群落的外貌。

The results reveal that under the conditions of the third-class sites in the Southern Fujian mountain areas,the suitable planting density is 1250～1798 trees/hm 2 for building eucalyptus short-cycle industrial raw material forests; and adopting the present density to conduct afforestation may culture the best-selling dimension lumber with higher growth and may obtain better economic benefits.

通过对 7年生巨尾桉不同造林密度生长量、生物量分析，结合目标培育径阶所确定的理论适宜株数的研究，结果表明，在闽南山地Ⅲ级立地条件下，营造桉树短周期工业原料林适宜造林密度为 1 2 5 0～ 1 798株·hm-2 ，采用该密度造林不但可以培育市场畅销的规格材且生长量较高，可取得较好的经济效益

Field moisture capacity is the key factor not only resulting in afforestation success or failure, but also that impacting on productivity of stand at hot-dry valley of Jinshajiang River. It was concluded by the investigation that: the contour trench (40 cm×40 cm), mixted with can increase the field moisture capacity, in accordance, the productivity of stand could bue improved in some degrees. But bearing the weight of soil capability, survival individual plant on unit area was about 525 plant/hm^2. Further-more, introduction of the grade 1 seedling in afforestation could improve survival rate, and facilitate the stand productivity.

土壤含水量是影响金沙江干热河谷造林成败的关键因子，同时也是影响林分生产力的限制性因子，通过试验得出：采用水平沟整地(40cm×40cm)、与多年生小灌木混交，可在一定程度上提高林地土壤含水量，从而使得造林保存率和林分生产能力均有提高，但是受其土壤承载能力的影响，单位面积的保存株数保持在525株/hm^2左右；此外，用Ⅰ级苗木造林，不但可以提高造林保存，对林分的后其生长也有促进作用。

The results indicated that the techniques of afforestation in plots,container seedlings afforestating and staining roots with phosphate fertilizer haveimproved afforestation survival ratio,height growth and diameter growth of young Pinus elliottii,and Choerospondias axillaris have also been improved by the techniques of staining roots with ABT and cutting stem.

结果表明，有利于提高湿地松造林成活率和促进幼树树高、胸径生长的技术措施分别是集团造林、选用容器苗及磷肥蘸根；而有利于提高南酸枣造林成活率和促进其幼树树高、胸径生长的技术措施为截干和 ABT生根粉沾根处理。

Remark:(1)The cost ofseeding、soil preparation、clearance ofweeds、fertilization、implantation、repair planting、tending and fertilizers etc is included in afforestation cost, the plantations are tended l time in the afforest first year and thesame thing had been done in the next year;(2)The land rent which is 225 yuanhm-2a-1 and the cost of pest control and fire proof which is 75yuanhm-2a-1 are included in the fixed cost;(3)The plantation is managed aS the sprout forest after catastrophe, the plantations are tended 1 time in the year of disaster and the same thing had been done in the next year.

桉树速生用材林营林成本因地点和经营者的不同而有所差异，为方便进行经济效益评价，经咨询江西赣州金太阳科技林业有限公司、湖南永州林业局、广东连州市林业局和广西来宾市林业局的有关人员，结合华南地区桉树人工林造林成本，本研究的经营成本统一确定如下(表2)。注：(1)造林费用包括造林当年的种苗、清山，除杂、整地、施肥、栽种、补植、当年的抚育以及肥料等人、财、物的投入；在一个轮伐期中，造林当年抚育一次，次年抚育1次；(2)年固定费用包括：土地租金按225元hm-2a-1计算，护林防火、病虫害防治等费用按75元hm-2a-1计算；(3)林分受灾后作萌芽林经营，受灾当年抚育一次、次年抚育一次。

In ecological fragile zone in arid and semi-arid area of Inner Mongolia, the ecological forest net works were constructed by afforestation in drought sun slope of Daqingshan mountain ,along highway and of shelter belt in farm land.

在内蒙古干旱、半干旱区生态脆弱带，通过对内蒙古大青山干旱阳坡、绿色通道和山前冲积、洪积平原农田防护林等三个类型森林生态网络体系的构建，遵循适地适树的原则，选择适宜树种、营养杯或带土托大苗，采用了保水抗旱造林技术措施，使得干旱阳坡造林成活率达到了 85～ 95%；绿色通道林造林成活率为 80 -1 0 0 %；农田防护林造林成活率为 90～99.8%。

In the spring of 2003, WSCF was used in afforestation trial in wulanbuhe desert, Inner Morgolia, Qing shuihe town in Hohhot city, and kulun Qi in Tongliao.The result showed that the trial with WSCF was obviously better than without it in survival rate and growth. In the soil of different depths, the water content increased in using WSCF depth , which derived from the trial in Wulanbuhe desert.

我们于2003年春季在内蒙古乌兰布和沙漠、呼和浩特市清水河县、通辽市库伦旗等地应用蓄水渗膜袋进行了野外造林对比实验，取得了初步研究成果，通过使用蓄水渗膜材料进行造林试验，与未使用蓄水渗膜袋造林进行比较，调查生长情况，结果表明，使用蓄水渗膜袋造林明显好于对照，造林成活率，苗木生长量与对照有显著差异。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。