速率

The system may acts as a constant temperature controller in order to study the relations between luminescence characteristic and temperature.

该系统除可作一般的恒稳控制以研究样品的发光性能对温度的依赖关系，也可在0℃～160℃范围内给出不同的升温速率以研究不同升温速率下样品的陷阱深度及分布情况。

In this paper, based on MPEG 2 Test Model 5 (TM5) bit rate control algorithm, there are some improvements proposed:① an intelligent integral action is proposed for improving the control precision of bit rate;② after using DCT AC coefficients to define the measure of macroblock and picture coding difficulty, an improvement on target bits allocation is proposed for the decoded picture quality and conformance including scene change, which can adjust the target bits allocation adaptively by their measure.

针对MPEG－2测试模型5（TM5）比特速率控制算法进行了以下改进：①引入一种智能积分作用，有利于提高比特速率的控制精度；②采用DCT交流系数定义宏块和图象的编码难度测度，然后提出了改进的目标编码量分配策略，即根据编码难度测度自适应调整图象和宏块的目标编码量，有利于提高包括场景变化在内的图象解码质量及其一致性。

After a brief review about the problems of bit rate control for MPEG video coding, two optimizations are proposed based on MPEG-2 Test Model 5 (TM5) algorithm:①An intelligent integral action is introduced for improving the control precision of bit rate;②After using DCT AC coefficients to define the measure of macroblock and picture coding difficulty, an improvement on target bits allocation is proposed for the decoded picture quality and conformance including scene change, which can ajust the target bits allocation adaptively by their measure.

文中首先对MPEG视频编码比特速率的控制问题作了简要回顾，然后针对MPEG-2测试模型5(TM5)算法进行了以下优化：①引入一种智能积分作用，有利于提高比特速率的控制精度；②采用DCT交流系数定义宏块和图象的编码难度测度，然后提出了优化的目标编码量分配策略，即根据编码难度测度自适应调整图象和宏块的目标编码量，这样有利于提高包括场景变化在内的图象解码质量及其一致性。

This model was finely fitted by theexperimental results and was used to calculate the activation area,which was 0.127 〓/mol with little dependence of subphasetemperature. The positive activation area indicate that there is anincrease in area when the activated complex is formed, increasingthe surface pressure should decrease the rate constant and that theactivated complex is unimolecular in nature.

在一系列实验曲线的基础上，我们提出测量的面积变化应该由聚合中分子结构变化引起的急剧的瞬时面积变化与随后的与此面积变化相反的弛豫过程两部分组成，并据此提出一种反应动力学模型，此模型与实验结果相当吻合，此模型用于处理聚合速率的紫外光强依赖性，得到聚合速率常数近似与光强成二次幂指数关系；此模型也被用于计算活化面积，发现活化面积为〓，几乎与温度无关。

When the equivalent strain rate is relatively low, this influence can be neglected and the compression process can be considered as an isothermal process. While the equivalent strain rate is high, this influence is of importance and the compression process can be approximately considered as an adiabatic process.

当等效应变速率很小时，变形热效应对流动应力的影响可忽略不计，压缩过程可近似认为是等温过程；当等效应变速率较大时，变形热效应对流动应力的影响相当显著，压缩过程基本上成为绝热过程。

When the equivalent strain rate is relatively low, this influence can beneglected and the compression process can be considered as an isothermal process. While the equivalent strain rate is high, this influence is of importance and the compression process can be approximately considered as an adiabatic process.

当等效应变速率很小时，变形热效应对流动应力的影响可忽略不计，压缩过程可近似认为是等温过程；当等效应变速率较大时，变形热效应对流动应力的影响相当显著，压缩过程基本上成为绝热过程。

In addition, mass loss rate was not the only parameter influencing heat release rate in cone calorimeter for agaric.

同时，木耳的质量损失速率不是影响其热释放速率的惟一因素。

The hydrolysis rates of Carbaryl in distilled and river water were almost the same, but slightly bigger in distilled water, and the distinction was more bigger in alkalescence water.

甲萘威在去离子水中的水解速率和在河水中的水解速率相差不多，但这种差别随pH值的增大而有所增加，说明河水中的一些无机离子和腐殖酸等对甲萘威的水解有一定的影响。

According to the heat release rate, the reaction pathway to ignition of sample alkane is analyzed.

利用新型的绝热量热仪研究了两种典型烷烃的自加热过程，采取了增大样品容器体积和加压的方法，得到了正庚烷和正十六烷的初始反应温度、大升温速率和最大升温速率对应的温度。

The formal potentials in cyclic voltammograms of these 3+ valence complexes are followed: Co〓-TPPS (-0.08V )＞Fe〓TPPS (-0.14V)＞Mn〓-TPPS (-0.23V). The electrochemical reaction of Mn〓-TPPS is reversible, and both of Co〓-TPPS and Fe〓-TPPS are quasi-reversible. The standard heterogeneous rate constants of Co〓-TPPS and Fe〓-TPPS were determined to be 1. 4×10〓cm/s and 1.4×10〓cm/s respectively. The rates of electrode reaction are as followed: Mn〓-TPPS＞Co〓-TPPS＞Fe〓-TPPS, e.i. Mn〓-TPPS is the most easily oxidized by the dissolved oxygen, and Fe〓-TPPS is oxidized slower than Co〓-TPPS. Ni〓-TPPS can not be oxidized. It is considered that oxygen plays an important role in the valence change of central metal atom and the rate of electron transfer in some metalloporphyrins.

三价金属卟啉络合物在循环伏安图上可得到三价到二价的还原和氧化响应，电极电位从大到小排列为：Co〓-TPPS(-0.08V)＞Fe〓-TPPS(-0.14V)＞Mn〓-TPPS(-0.23V)，电极反应可逆性也不相同，Mn〓-TPPS是可逆过程，Co〓-TPPS、Fe〓-TPPS是准可逆过程，实验测得Co〓-TPPS的标准电极反应速率常数ks＝1.4×10〓cm/s，Fe〓-TPPS的ks＝1.4×10〓cm/s，电极反应的速率从大到小为：Mn〓-TPPS＞Co〓-TPPS＞Fe〓-TPPS，即Mn〓-TPPS最容易被溶解氧所氧化，Fe〓-TPPS被氧化的速度最慢，Ni〓-TMPyP不能被氧化，因此我们认为溶解氧对金属卟啉中心离子的价态和电子转移速率起着重要作用。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。