通谕的

The Pope reiterated his commitment to this vision of the relationship between the civil law and the moral law in a February 2000 address commemorating the fifth anniversary of Evangelium Vitae.47 After noting that he considers this encyclical "central to the whole magisterium of pontificate," the Pope criticized the "type of defeatist mentality" that "claims that laws opposed to the right to life – those which legalizeabortion, euthanasia, sterilization and methods of family planning opposed to life and the dignity of marriage – are inevitable and now almost a social necessity."

2000年2月，教皇在纪念《生命的福音》五周年的演讲中，重申了它对于私法与道德律之间关系的这一主张。［47］在说明了他认为这一通谕&是他的整个教权生涯之核心&以后，教皇批判了&失败主义者的思维方式&，他们&主张反对生命权的法律——也就是那些将堕胎、安乐死、绝育以及反对生命和婚姻之尊严的家庭计划方式合法化的法律——是不可避免的，并且几乎就是就是一种社会的必然&。

The Pope reiterated his commitment to this vision of the relationship between the civil law and the moral law in a February 2000 address commemorating the fifth anniversary of Evangelium Vitae.47 After noting that he considers this encyclical "central to the whole magisterium of pontificate," the Pope criticized the "type of defeatist mentality" that "claims that laws opposed to the right to life – those which legalizeabortion, euthanasia, sterilization and methods of **mily planning opposed to life and the dignity of marriage – are inevitable and now almost a social necessity."

2000年2月，教皇在纪念《生命的福音》五周年的演讲中，重申了它对于私法与道德律之间关系的这一主张。［47］在说明了他认为这一通谕&是他的整个教权生涯之核心&以后，教皇批判了&失败主义者的思维方式&，他们&主张反对生命权的法律——也就是那些将堕胎、安乐死、绝育以及反对生命和婚姻之尊严的家庭计划方式合法化的法律——是不可避免的，并且几乎就是就是一种社会的必然&。

These main methods were as follows: the local officials themselves heard the cases, got the causes, tried to persude the believers and the common people ,otherwise punished them to suppress their critical momentum to reduce resistance; relied on local rural Managers and gentries to settle the cases; argued vigorously with priests and believers according to treaties; consulled directly with the minister and rejected the unreasonable demands ;noticed out to tell the people and so on.

直隶地方官员们利用近代的外交手段并传统办案的方法加以解决教案的交涉，主要方法有亲身审问，当堂直接讯明案情根由；劝谕开导、刚柔并济对民教详加开导进行说理工作，否则刑责教民，压制其气势减少办案阻力；借助地方乡保、士绅等人之力而结案；派员会办，查明根由；对教士教民以进为退据约力争；与公使领事直接会商驳斥开导；出谕晓示以通民教之情等等。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。