选择值

In Chapter 4,The convergence of two forms of genetic algorithms base donthe feature of the non-formal selection strategies is proved including themodel of genetic algorithms under the population fitness constraints and somehigher fitness individuals in parent population participating in the comp-etition.

第四章以非形式化选择为特点，给出遗传算法的种群适应值约束下算法模型与父代种群前若干适应值高的个体参与竞争下遗传算法的收敛性。

For example, if R4 has a value of 10 kΩ, a trip voltage of 18V would require R3 to have a value of 62 kΩ. When choosing values for R3 and R4 to set the desired trip voltage, ensure that they are large enough that the potential divider will not excessively load the supply.

例如，如果R4值为10k，18V的跳闸电压需要R3阻值为62k.R3 和 R4选择适当的阻值来设置需要的跳闸电压值，确保它们足够大以至于潜在分压器不会过度负荷供应。

The gray level which is greater that the threshold is defined the bright point. Define BI as the reciprocal value of the number of the bright points.

根据实际情况适当选择一个阈值，定义图像中灰度高于阈值的点为亮点，取参数BI为亮点个数的倒数。

The difference between codon choice randomization in the region of protein regular secondary structure and that in coil region is investigated in detail. We find that the folding free energy of mRNA segments in different protein secondary structures is significantly different. The average Z score is -1. 38 and -1. 71 for regular secondary structure, but -0.93 and -1. 03 for coil.

我们仔细分析了在蛋白质规则结构区域（alpha螺旋和beta折叠）和无规则结构区域密码子随机选择的差异，发现处于不同蛋白质二级结构的mRNA片段的折叠自由能有显著的不同，对于规则结构，Human和E.coli的平均Z-score值分别为-1.71和-1.38，但是无规则结构的Z-score值分别为-1.03和-0.93。

We obtain the eigenfunction through inverse transform,and select appropriate threshold to extract iso-surface.We append the weighted coefficients on sampling density for non-uniform sampling to further compute rational thresholds.

调用快速傅立叶变换FFTW(The Fastest Fourier Transform in the West)软件包，根据点的位置和法向量计算傅立叶系数，通过逆变换求出特征函数，选择合适的阈值提取表面的等值面，对于非均匀采样通过采样密度的加权系数进一步计算合理的阈值。

And on the basis of mono-factor test, using COD decreasing rate and decolour rate as targets, six factors affecting catalytic effect were selected to proceed L9(34) orthogonal experiments. The conclusion of primary and secondary factors was drawn and the turn was : kind of catalyst-amount of catalyst-pH value-temperature-amount of H2O2-amount of air . The optimization were determined to be : initial pH value : 5.5 ; temperatare : 90 C; amount of H2O2: lml/400ml waste water ; kind of catalyst: AC3 ; inciting small amount of air ; amount of catalyst: 125g activated carbon to 500g stone .

并在单因素试验的基础上，以废液COD去除率和脱色率为指标，选择废液初始pH值、反应温度、启动剂用量、催化剂类型、鼓空气量、催化剂加入量为因素，进行L_9(3~4)正交试验，确定影响因素因素的主次关系为：催化剂类型→催化剂加入量→废液初始pH值→反应温度→启动剂量→鼓空气量；最佳处理技术条件为：废液初始pH5.5；反应温度90℃；启动剂量1ml／400ml废液；AC3型催化剂；鼓小流量空气；炭石比125g／500g。

The decision making method of uncertain multi-attribute is applied to select bamboo species for constructing a project on 500 thousand mu(equivalent to 33350 hectare) pulpwood base of bamboo pulping paper in Jinghong.In detail,combined G with Zi based on OWA,it concludes that Z4=Lingnania distegia,Z2=Dendrocalamus hamiltonii,Gx1=Dendrocalamus giganteus,Gx2=Dendrocalamus peculiaris are finally selected as bamboo species for base target management;Z16=Dendrocalamus barbatus as prepared bamboo...

应用不确定多属性决策方法为拟建的《景洪竹浆纸项目50万亩竹子原料林基地》项目的热带大型丛生竹选择竹种，将多准则模糊决策方法的满意度G值和基于OWA算子的多属性决策方法的综合属性值Zi结合起来考察，最终选定：Z4=料慈竹，Z2=版纳甜龙竹，Gx1=龙竹，Gx2=金平龙竹4个竹种作为基地的目的经营竹种；Z16=小叶龙竹作为将来发展的储备竹种。

According to this method, the structure and its elements are designed for service loads and are dimensioned in such a way that stresses do not exceed some specific allowable stress values _strengths_, which are always in the elastic range.

根据这个方法，结构和构件设计出来是用于提供荷载，而构件面积的选择是在应力不超过某一特殊的允许应力值的方式下确定的。这个特殊的允许应力值往往是在弹性范围以内的。

This thesis investigates the profile extraction and shape optimization on the result of topology optimization of planar compliant mechanisms. The main context includes the following work:(1) summarizing and analyzing the recent research status, some harvest and unsolved problems;(2) analyzing the conceptual design of planar path-generating compliant mechanisms and its mathematical model and tools;(3) Modifying the method of density contour as the method of profile extraction, and developing a method to optimize the density function in the profile extraction according to the requirement of the design of compliant mechanism;(4) developing a method to abstract the compliant mechanism into a form of links and joints by using the principle of connectivity on topology;(5) developing a method of shape optimization of planar path-generating compliant mechanisms, by representing the profile of the abstracted compliant mechanism as simple curves such as straight lines and arcs, establishing the models of the size optimization of the parameters of these curves, so that the compliant mechanism has a machinable shape;(6) At last, proving the feasibleness and effectiveness of the design method by making simulation design and validating it in FEA software.

主要工作包括：(1)分析了柔顺机构拓扑优化和形状优化的研究现状，分析了目前柔顺机构的研究重点、主要成果和尚未解决的问题；(2)分析了基于SIMP的柔顺机构概念设计方法及其相关工具和模型；(3)针对柔顺机构轮廓提取的特殊要求，提出了密度等值线法的改进方案，对密度函数插值点密度值进行优化，提出优化模型和选择优化算法；(4)根据轨迹输出平面全柔顺机构自身的形状特点，提出了轨迹输出平面全柔顺机构的抽象方法，即应用拓扑学上的连通性原理将柔顺机构抽象成杆件和结点形式，并对相应的数学原理进行了证明；(5)提出了平面全柔顺机构的形状还原和尺寸优化方法，对抽象的柔顺机构进行还原，将其轮廓还原成简单曲线的连接，从而建立尺寸优化模型，对机构进行尺寸优化设计，在得到可加工的机构轮廓的同时又能对关键部位进行特别处理；(6)进行了柔顺机构的数值仿真设计，并将所得设计结果导入商用有限元软件中进行仿真实验，证明了设计方法的可行性和有效性。

In the studies of linkage map construction,we found that the estimation of genotypedata couldn't approach to the real data properly,even using equation systems consideringzygotic and gametic selector.It hints there were other segregation factors didn't beestimated.

在以上连锁图谱构建的研究中，发现有时即使采用了纳入合子与配子选择因子的MLE，标记能区分的各基因型估计值还是不能很好的接近观察值，暗示偏分离标记数据中还存在未估计到的偏分离因子。

Lugalbanda was a god and shepherd king of Uruk where he was worshipped for over a thousand years.

Lugalbanda 是神和被崇拜了一千年多 Uruk古埃及喜克索王朝国王。

I am coming just now,' and went on perfuming himself with Hunut, then he came and sat.

我来只是现在，'歼灭战perfuming自己与胡努特，那麼，他来到和SAT 。