逆转

He identified the enzyme reverse transcriptase, thus providing strong evidence for a process of RNA to DNA conversion.

研究中，他证实了RNA逆转录酶的存在，为RNA逆转录DNA提供了有力证据。

Methods:Phenobarbital and Valproic acid were added into astrocytes and cultured permanently for 30 days. P-glycoprotein, a product of MDR1, was detected with immunocyto chemistry. Then, 5μg/ml Sibelium was added to resistance cells and nonresistance cells, MTT assay was used to measure reverse multiple and relative reverse efficiency rate.

将苯巴比妥钠和丙戊酸钠分别加入培养的星形胶质细胞内，30天后用免疫细胞化学法检测MDR1的表达产物P-糖蛋白，继之将终浓度为5μg/ml的西比灵分别加入培养的正常细胞及MDR1表达增强的细胞内，用四甲基偶氮唑盐法计算逆转倍数和相对逆转效率，了解西比灵逆转MDR1表达的作用。

Results:The reversal effectiveness of the modulator combinations was 2-3 times as much as that of each modulator alone.Synergistic interaction between Quin and DPM or Tam was greater than that between Quin and CsA.Quin combined with CsA increased intracellular DNR accumulation significantly as compared with either of them alone.

结果：逆转倍数是单用药的2-3倍，达到或超过单用2倍剂量的逆转效果，逆转剂间有联合协同作用，其中Quin与DPM或Tam联合的协同作用大于Quin与CsA联合，可增加细胞内DNR浓度。

The previous literatures indicate the inversion temperature exists under superheated steam drying with an atmospheric pressure, when the temperature of superheated steam is higher than the point of inversion temperature, the drying rate of superheated steam is faster than that of air drying, but if the temperature of superheated steam is lower than the point of inversion temperature, the drying rate of superheated steam is slower than that of air drying.

已有的研究表明，在过热蒸汽干燥时存在一个温度点，称为"逆转温度"，当过热蒸汽的温度高于"逆转温度"的温度时，过热蒸汽干燥速率比空气要快，低于逆转温度时则正好相反。由于木材浮压干燥的工业化应用是在负压区实现的，因此对真空状态下过热蒸汽干燥是否也存在"逆转温度"问题的研究非常重要。

Thunberg Fritillary Bulb is one of the most popular Traditional Chinese herbs. Some trials in vivo and animals indicated that Peimine and Peiminine, extracted from Thunbery Fritillary Bulb, have the function of reversing MDR of two different kinds of mechanisms. They can improve the cytotoxic of ADR to cancer cells by 5～10 folds under concentration of 10% cancer cell growth inhibitory rate. Peimine and Peiminine not only feather typical character of modifier of MDR, but also differ from other moldifiers such as Calcium channel blocker, Cyclosporines in chemical structure, they belong to cevine groups alkaloid, a subgroup of C-Nor-D-homosteroid alkaloid.

浙贝母是临床常用中药，体外及动物试验证明，浙贝母中的有效活性成分贝母甲素和贝母乙素具有逆转肿瘤细胞MDR的作用，而且能逆转两种不同机制的多药耐药肿瘤细胞的耐药性，在无明显细胞毒剂量下，可使阿霉素对耐药肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性提高5-10倍，不但具备明确的多药耐药逆转剂的特征，而且在化学结构上属异甾类生物碱中的瑟文类生物碱，完全不同于钙离子拮抗剂、免疫抑制剂和其它现有的耐药逆转剂，具有作用靶点宽、化学结构独特的特点。

The results showed that the optimized content of Mg~(2+) was 5mmol/L; dNTP was 200μmol/L; Primer was 0.5μmol/L; Taq polymerase was lU/50ul in the PCR system. Only one fragment of about 270bp was amplified within the genome of 12 wild species and 23 cultivars of Mallus Mill., which indicated that Ty1-copia-like retrotransposons were archaic components of apple genome. The nested insertion of near and within the reverse transcriptase gene of Ty1-copia-like retrotransposons wasn\'t found in apple genome.2 The reverse transcriptase conservative region of Ty1-copia-like retrotransposons were amplified from Gala apple using the optimized PCR system. The amplification product was isolated, cloned and sequenced. Forty-five clones containing reverse transcriptase conservative region were obtained (accession number: AY849580 -AY849592 and DQ105035-DQ105066). Cluster analysis of these sequences showed a great heterogeneity among RT domains isolated from the same genotype.

从苹果属12个野生种和苹果23个栽培品种中都扩增到了约270bp的目的产物，且所有试材的扩增结果一致，均无目的条带以外的产物扩增，说明Ty1-copia类逆转座子在苹果属植物中广泛存在，且存在历史可能较为久远；从扩增结果看不出该逆转座子的逆转录酶基因或附近区域在苹果基因组内有嵌套行为的发生。2、利用优化了的PCR方法从嘎拉苹果基因组克隆了45条Ty1-copia类逆转座子逆转录酶保守序列(登陆号分别为AY849580-AY849592和DQ105035-DQ105066)，结果表明，同一基因组来源的这些序列存在高度的异质性。

Methods At first, retrovirus vectors encoding IFN-γ or IL-4 gene were constructed. They were transfected into PA317 packaging cells by lipofectamine, PA317IFN-γ and PA317IL-4 cells were obtained. C6 glioma cells were infected with replication deficiency retrovius containing IFN-γ or IL-4 gene, cell morphology、cell growth curve and cloning efficiency assay were examined. The intracranial C6 glioma animal model was established in immunocompetent Wistar rats. PA317IFN-γ and PA317IL-4 cells were stereotactically implanted into the tumor areas alone or together. The survival of tumor bearing rats were examined, tumor volumes were measured and immunohistochemical analyses of CD4〓 and CD8〓 T lymphocyte infiltration were performed.

构建和鉴定携带IL-4或IFN-γ基因的逆转录病毒载体，将其导入逆转录病毒包装细胞PA317，通过G418抗性筛选，得到携带目的基因的包装细胞并鉴定；应用携带IL-4或IFN-γ基因的复制缺陷型逆转录病毒感染C6胶质瘤细胞，观察对C6胶质瘤细胞形态、细胞生长曲线和克隆形成率的影响；建立C6胶质瘤大鼠脑内移植动物模型，将携带IL-4和IFN-γ基因的逆转录病毒包装细胞分别或联合注射到脑内荷瘤大鼠的肿瘤组织中，观察其治疗作用，并初步探讨其机制。

Flowering reversion unsusceptible Lidongben and susceptible Wulongling longan caltivars were used in this study.

调查了8个龙眼品种发生成花逆转的情况，发现松风本和立冬本不易发生成花逆转；普明庵次之，油潭本、九月乌、水南1号、乌龙岭和东壁容易发生成花逆转。

When stratified by type of leukoplakia , the response was more pronounced in homogeneous lesions: complete regression was seen in 16 of 28 (57%) subjects with homogeneous leukoplakia , 2 of 8 with erythroplakia , 2 of 4 with verrucous leukoplakia , and 0 of 4 with ulcerated and nodular lesions.

以口腔黏膜白斑病的种类分层时，同类口腔黏膜白斑病的反应更加显著：28位同类口腔黏膜白斑病患者中，有16位(57%)得到完全的逆转；8位口腔黏膜红斑病患者中，有2位得到完全的逆转；4位口腔疣性黏膜白斑病患者中，有2位得到完全的逆转；8位溃疡性和结状损害患者中，没有任何人得到完全的逆转。

The previous literatures indicate the inversion temperature exists under superheated steam drying with an atmospheric pressure, when the temperature of superheated steam is higher than the point of inversion temperature, the drying rate of superheated steam is faster than that of air drying, but if the temperature of superheated steam is lower than the point of inversion temperature, the drying rate of superheated steam is slower than that of air drying.

已有的研究表明，在过热蒸汽干燥时存在一个温度点，称为&逆转温度&，当过热蒸汽的温度高于&逆转温度&的温度时，过热蒸汽干燥速率比空气要快，低于逆转温度时则正好相反。由于木材浮压干燥的工业化应用是在负压区实现的，因此对真空状态下过热蒸汽干燥是否也存在&逆转温度&问题的研究非常重要。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷