适用

For the mode of legislation, it is suggested that a principle regulations to be made while the detailed applied situation and conditions are specified further in judicial explanation; regarding the applied situation, give four kinds of examples as shortage of capital, mixing of company, property of shareholders, business and personality, avoid the liability of contract and legal liability using of company personality; when making judgment, such three parts as main body, action and results have to be considered. The voluntary creditor and forced creditor consists of prosecutor, those person who abuses the force of company is the defendant who has the act of abusing company personally resulting in bad effect; the responsibility of producing of evident may refer to those of courts of Germany, which is proved by prosecutor, after that, the defendant provides the evident that he has a proper action for the suit of company or his action is not the direct cause for the loss of company; the legal effect of disregarding of corporate personality is to deprive the rights of limited liability of shareholders and shall undertake the affiliated liability according to different situations of company debts, however, it is clear that the legal effect is only limited to the special legal relationship in the specific case; the exercising body is made by court while the corporate personality might not be disaffirmed directly in exerting process; finally, it points out the real essence and also its real sense and difficulties in practice.

对立法模式，建议成文法中只做原则性规定，而具体的适用情形、适用条件等规定可以在司法解释中进一步作出明确规定；对适用情形，根据我国实际列举了资本显著不足、公司与股东财产、业务、人格的混同、利用公司人格规避契约义务和逃避法律义务四种大类；审判时应考虑的要件包括主体、行为、结果三大要件，自愿债权人和非自愿债权人构成原告，对公司有控制力的滥用者为被告，要有滥用公司人格的行为，并有损害的结果产生；举证责任可参照德国法院的做法，由原告提供初步证据证明公司存在滥用公司人格的行为，而后，由被告提供证据证明自己与涉诉公司的关系是正当的，或自己的行为与原告的损失没有因果关系；否认公司人格的法律效果是剥夺股东在个案中的有限责任的权利，视不同情形对公司债务承担连带责任，但应明确法律效力仅限于个案中的特别法律关系；行使主体应由法院的审判庭行使，而不宜在执行程序中直接否认公司法人人格；最后对逆向揭开公司面纱作了探讨，指出其现实意义和实践难点。

The paper probed into the following questions :the scope of applying the waiving of right; the difference between life insurance and property insurance in applying the right-waiving rules when an insurant has no insurable interest; that right-waiving and estoppel are only applied when the insured claim the insurance money; that under the good faith principle, disclaiming and estoppel may be applied when the insurent has no insurable interest.

在此，本文集中探讨了弃权的适用范围、弃权规则在投保人没有保险利益情况下财产保险和人身保险的适用的不同、弃权和禁止反言仅于被保险人行使保险金请求权时适用、人身保险无道德风险即有保险利益等具体规则问题。

But in fact, the application of foreign law can hardly assure the accuracy of application; because the judge is educated with the native laws and his application of foreign laws is leis of authoritatineners.

但在实质意义上，适用外国法难于保证适用的准确性，因为法官受本国法律教育，适用外国法缺少权威性。

In chapter three,that is the basic content of burden of proof,firstly,the dissertation totally repudiates the view that case facts are the object of bur-den of roof and also maintains that the objects of burden of proof of Chinais requirement facts.

在第三章证明责任基本内容中，其一，对案件事实作为证明责任对象的观点进行了全面否定，并认为我国证明责任对象为要件事实；其二，在比较两大法系证明责任适用条件的基础上，对我国证明责任适用条件所涉及的理论基础和条件进行了新的解释；其三，主张证明责任的性质是一种法定的风险分配，并与当事人的诉讼活动无关；其四，主张在当事人主义和职权主义诉讼中都存在着适用证明责任裁判的可能性。

In different melting processes and equipment, which applies to paragraph A size with the flow of hot metal steel by carbon and completed post-furnace carbon; B above apply to normal size electric induction furnace by Carbon; C segment size can be applied only in cupola melting furnace by carbon.

于不同的熔炼工艺和设备，其中 A 粒度段适用于炉前铁水随流增碳和炉内后期补碳； B 粒度段适用于正常感应电炉炉内增碳； C 粒度段仅可以适用于大型转炉炼钢熔炼增碳。3.12 由客户直接提出粒度规格要求，或与春秋铸材技术人员联系。

In different melting processes and equipment, which applies to paragraph A size with the flow of hot metal steel by carbon and completed post-furnace carbon; B above apply to normal size electric induction furnace by Carbon; C segment size can be applied only in cupola melting furnace by carbon.

于不同的熔炼工艺和设备，其中 A粒度段适用于炉前铁水随流增碳和炉内后期补碳； B粒度段适用于正常感应电炉炉内增碳； C粒度段仅可以适用于冲天炉炉内熔炼增碳。3.12 由客户直接提出粒度规格要求，或与春秋铸材技术人员联系。

There are many serious misleading in how to apply the principle of "fraud exception", whereas, it is necessary to make a legal research on the principle of "fraud exception" in light of former researches. The article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author put emphasis on the principle of abstract independence, the definition, the establishment and development of the principle of fraud exception, the analysis of the fraud, the theory, the prerequisite and the procedure of apply the principle of "fraud exception" in order to establish the general principle and necessary procedure. In the second part, the author analysis the existing backward conditions oflegislation and judicial practice in China, and courts" attitude to the judicial remedy for the principle of " fraud exception", further, the author puts forward some suggestions on how to make the legislation on the principle of "fraud exception" perfect, and how to apply the procedure of judicial remedy for the principle of "fraud exception". Lastly, the author hopes that these suggestions could benefit to the judicial practice and the future legislation on the principle of "fraud exception.

我国在加入世界贸易组织后，按照国际惯例和国际公约处理国际贸易中的纠纷己成为一种必然趋势，鉴于我国法院对如何准确适用信用证欺诈例外原则存在着严重误区，使得在先前学者研究的基础上再一次研究欺诈例外原则很有必要，本文分两个部分，第一部分对信用证独立抽象原则、信用证欺诈例外原则的定义、确立与发展、对例外原则下欺诈的分析、理论基础、适用条件以及程序等六方面展开论述，从而确立信用证欺诈例外原则的一般原则和必要的程序：第二部分主要分析我国司法实践中信用证欺诈例外原则司法救济的立法以及司法现状，及法院对欺诈例外原则的态度，从而对如何完善我国法院欺诈例外原则的法律依据以及如何正确适用欺诈例外原则的司法救济程序提出一些构思，希望为欺诈例外原则在我国的司法实践以及为以后的相应立法提供有益的参考。

To validate the above conclusion, a series of mixture tests were performed and different samples were made by mixing each of three kinds of nature silt and the nature clay with different mixture ratio. The liquid-plastic limits of all the samples, in which the clay particles content were between the nature silt and the nature clay, were attained using the combined test method. The results showed that the lowest clay particles content of the silt, when it was suitable with the combined test method, is 12% to 15% with little differences. If the point of 3～4mm depth of penetration of fall cone exist, and the loglog relationship between the depth of penetration of fall cone and the water content of all the points were clearly linear, it could be concluded that the clay particles content of the sample is over the lowest value when the combined test was suitable.

3其后为了进一步验证所得结论，针对三种粉土，分别与一种黏粒含量较大的天然黏土进行多种组合的配比试验，配比后的土样其黏粒含量均介于原粉土与原黏土之间，并对各种配比后土样进行联合测定法确定液、塑限的试验研究，得出各种土对联合测定法适用的最低黏粒含量限值因粒径组成不同、矿物组成不同等因素，存在微小差异，在12%到15%之间；当圆锥下沉深度在3～4mm之间的试验点存在，且与其他试验点之间能形成良好的双对数直线关系，即认为土中黏粒含量超过该土对联合测定法适用的最低限值，联合测定法适用。

Business affairs arbitration laws applied under the arbitration system,as detailed to that,which has adopted the general discussing way by combining actual cases,so as to offer an impersonal just appraisal for the problem of that arbitration agreement on our country's laws apply,check out the omitters and supply the lack,provide opinion and suggestions ,on advancing the international station of our arbitration so as to adapt the request of the system's development .

本文基于目前我国仲裁制度下的国际商事仲裁法律适用的现状，具体到国际商事仲裁协议的法律适用问题，以一般理论结合实际案例的论述方法，对国际商事仲裁协议在我国的法律适用问题作出客观公正的评价，查漏补缺，为提升我国仲裁的国际地位以适应国际仲裁制度发展的要求，提出意见和建议。

Chapter four analyses the characteristic , nature and defects of our legislation on the international commercial custom , and thinks that the legislative actions in our country means acknowledging the effect of the international commercial custom in our domestic law .We should improve our legislation from two aspects rone is to expand the applying scope of the international commercial custom ,the other is to reduce the limitation of it.

认为我国立法是对国际商事习惯在国内法上效力的承认；立法存在着国际商事习惯适用条件过分严格、效力等级低下等不足；指出应从支持扩大国际商事习惯适用范围、放宽其适用条件角度完善我国的相关立法。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。