迹线

The main work and the originality points of this dissertation could be concluded as the following parts:(1) To analyze systematically the mathematical model of LES of air flow in great space, under the case of isothermal and non-isothermal, as well as the combined action of buoyancy and strain. Some basic problems are studied about the LES application into airflow simulation of great space, such as boundary conditions, spatial difference scheme and time advancing scheme, time step etc., which creates the basis for the LES application to indoor airflow simulation.(2) Both the instantaneous and time averaged flow field of great space with multiple jets under isothermal and non-isothermal cases are explored with large eddy simulation method, and also discussed the dynamic characteristics and the law of fluidflow in the great space.(3) Based on the results of LES of the great space and the Fanger thermal comfort indexes, it is brought forward the concept of the series of dynamic thermal comfort evaluating indexes, which could be divided into thermal comfort index with time averaged properties PD, PPD, PMV, thermal comfort index with instantaneous properties IPD, IPPD, IPMV, and time averaged thermal comfort indexes TAPD, TAPPD, TAPMV, and transient situations time averaged thermal comfort indexes TTAPD, TTAPPD, TTAPMV. The differences among them and the calculation methods are discussed, and the four kinds of indexes are calculated with the thermal comfort index PD as an example.(4) Based on the LES results it is discussed the hot air stratification phenomena in air-conditioned buildings in the case with air supply and return registers on the ceiling and the case on the sidewall. The fundamentals of the hot air stratification are studied and the relations of estimating hot air stratification are brought forward.(5) With the advanced apparatus such as hot wire film anemometer IFA300 and laser particle field anemoscope, corresponding model test and site measurements have been done, which are compared with the simulation results and LES is proved a very promising method in air flow simulation indoor.

本文主要工作既创新点体现在以下几个方面：(1)系统分析了等温、非等温和考虑剪切力与浮升力综合作用的高大空间大涡模拟数学模型，并研究了高大空间大涡模拟在室内气流仿真应用中的一些基本问题，如边界条件、空间离散格式和时间推进格式、时间步长选择等问题，为大涡模拟在室内气流计算中的广泛应用打下了基础；(2)首次用大涡模拟方法研究了高雷诺数下高大空间多射流在等温、非等温情况下的瞬时流场和时均流场分布，并探讨了多射流流场的动态特性和流动规律；(3)基于大涡模拟的动态仿真结果和Fanger的热舒适指标，首次系统地提出了动态热舒适评价指标体系的概念：即基于时间平均参数的热舒适指标PD、PPD、PMV；基于瞬时参数的瞬时热指标IPD、IPPD、IPMV；基于时间平均热舒适指标TAPD、TAPPD、TAPMV；以及沿行动迹线的时间平均热舒适指标TTAPD、TTAPPD、TTAPMV，并分析了四类热舒适指标的差异性和计算方法，还以PD值为例对四类指标分别进行了计算；(4)基于数十种工况下空调房间大涡模拟的结果，研究了空调建筑上送上回和侧送侧回两种情况下热分层现象，并探讨了热分层的基本规律，首次提出了避免热分层现象的判断公式；(5)在暖通空调领域，首次使用IFA300热线风速仪、激光粒子速度场仪等先进设备，完成了与大涡模拟相对应的模型试验，并把实测结果与仿真结果进行了对比，说明LES在室内气流仿真方面是一种很有前景的方法。

The new Centerline Trace method is ideal for tracing line drawings or signatures.

新的中线跟踪方法是理想的迹线的图纸或签名。

Some horses are especially intolerant for crookedness.

有些马特别是偏离，它们需要骑手能更好的带动马的尻和肩进入蹄迹线。

The principal stress traces of an object are often drawn by hand, or at most drawn with a French curve, which induces the results very inaccurate.

在土木建筑工程中主应力迹线是布筋方向的依据，但是在工程中通常都是徒手或用曲线板近似绘制主应力迹线。

An interconnect routing for a card or interposer or the like, including splines of traces on a first layer and traces on a second layer, with vias connecting between the layers.

用于一种卡或插入物或类似物的互连路由，它包括在第一层上的迹线样条(66、69、70)以及在第二层上的迹线(58、60)，层之间用通道连接。

It is: the sealed ring circles the active circuit area; at least one corner area of the integrate circuit includes several corner bar group; each directed corner bar group is about the prearrange angle, extends form the first slicing trace to the second slicing trace.

密封环环绕有源电路区域。集成电路的至少一个拐角区域包括多个拐角条组。所述多个拐角条组的每个被定向在大约预定角度，并且从第一切片迹线向第二切片迹线延伸。

The new method gives out a set of equations based on the fundamental algebra rules that principal stress trace obeys and the essential attributes it possess, we then combine these equations with further information described in this paper leading to an exact description of the conic representing the principal stress traces.

该方法是根据主应力迹线满足过任意三条等倾线的主应力都可以用二次曲线来描述这一条件，再利用主应力迹线本身所具有的性质列出方程组解算出描述主应力迹线的一元二次方程，然后根据方程描绘出所求的主应力迹线。

The information along3 D maximum shear stress tracing line is completely ascertained with the method of parameter transformation, then the changing rule of the normal stress along3 D maximum shear stress tracing line is discussed based on cobevel method.

利用坐标变换法证明了一般三维塑性流动问题任意点应力状态，可以完全由三维最大剪应力迹线上的信息确定，进而利用共斜面法给出了三维塑性流动问题沿最大剪应力迹线正应力的变化规律。

Through Hilbert transform, a signal's plane trace can be get. There are two frequencies in the tested signal, so the signal's plane trace may be looked as the track of the out pole's end when two poles rotate around parallel axles. Using the knowledge of motion synthesis in theory mechanics, a formula to describing the change of plane trace's step length and angle for two-frequency be get. So we may prolongate the tested signal's plane trace from the echo's initial arriving moment, and get a certain length of the signal's prolongation.

通过Hilbert变换可得到测试信号的平面迹线，测试信号中只含有两个频率成分，视为双频信号，双频信号的平面迹线相当于两连杆绕平行轴转动时外杆杆端迹线，利用理论力学中运动合成和瞬心知识，推导出双频信号平面迹线步长平方满足余弦线性复合函数，而迹线转角可视为线性变化，据此可对回波到来之前的测试信号平面迹线作延长，得到一定长度的信号延展段，信号延展段与实测段作差可得到一次、二次回波的第一个波峰值。

In addition, an improved rough fabrication method called "photo etching" is developed to enhance the milling efficiency for prefabricating the rectangular micropillars which can be polished through the FIB microscope for the finishing step.

压缩变形后SEM观察发现在(01 0)柱面出现平行的滑移线，在(0001)基面出现成60o相交的滑移线。迹线分析表明：当加载面为(2 0)时，两组滑移系(10 0)[1 10]和(1 00)[11 0] 同时开动。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。