违背的

In preface, author discusses the meaning of this study and the actual state of research about culture of Tibetan oath at home and abroad. The first chapter analyzes two basic sources of oath culture. In the second chapter, by analyzing literature and actual examples, author explores the problem which the definition of "oath" is unclear in Tibetan dictionary. Combining with the definition of oath, in the third chapter ,the author differs the concept among promise, treaty, bargain and caution money. The fourth chapter is mainly about the element of oath; In the fifth chapter , author divides and explores the different content and meaning of Tibetan oath.

前言"论述了这篇论文的研究意义和目前国内外对于藏族盟誓文化的研究现状；第一章"盟誓文化的产生"论述了盟誓习俗产生的两个基本根源：思想根源和社会根源；第二章"盟誓的定义"通过分析文献资料和实例，对一些藏文词典中存在的对于"盟誓"的定义不够明确的问题进行了商榷和探讨；第三章"盟誓和几个近义词的区别"结合盟誓的定义，对诺言、条约、契约、保证金几个概念的定义进行区分；第四章"盟誓的要素"结合《格萨尔王传》论述了盟誓需要具备的要素；第五章"誓言的内容特征"中结合《格萨尔王传》中的盟誓形式，划分和探讨藏族盟誓的不同内容和意义；第六章"遵守誓言的意义和不守誓言的罪孽"通过相关文献资料分别探讨了遵守誓言的积极影响和不守誓的消极影响；第七章"违誓忏悔"论述了在违背誓言后，反省改过的意义；最后，"后记对《格萨尔王传》中的盟誓文化进行了概括总结，指出这一文化突显了藏族人民崇尚真诚的品格和渴望和谐的心愿。

Even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not convenient; Being filled with all unrighteousness, fornication, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness; full of envy, murder, debate, deceit, malignity; whisperers, Backbiters, haters of God, despiteful, proud, boasters, inventors of evil things, disobedient to parents, Without understanding, covenantbreakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful: Who knowing the judgment of God, that they which commit such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but have pleasure in them that do them.

他们既然故意不认识神，神就任凭他们存邪僻的心行那些不合理的事，装满了各样不义，邪恶，贪婪，恶毒。满心是嫉妒，凶杀，争竞，诡诈，毒恨。又是谗毁的，背后说人的，怨恨神的，侮慢人的，狂傲的，自夸的，捏造恶事的，违背父母的，无知的，背约的，无亲情的，不怜悯人的。他们虽知道神判定，行这样事的人是当死的，然而他们不但自己去行，还喜欢别人去行。

And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not convenient; Being filled with all unrighteousness, fornication, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness; full of envy, murder, debate, deceit, malignity; whisperers, Backbiters, haters of God, despiteful, proud, boasters, inventors of evil things, disobedient to parents;Without understanding, covenantbreakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful: Who knowing the judgment of God, that they which commit such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but have pleasure in them that do them.

他们既然故意不认识神，神就任凭他们存邪僻的心行那些不合理的事，装满了各样不义，邪恶，贪婪，恶毒。满心是嫉妒，凶杀，争竞，诡诈，毒恨。又是谗毁的，背后说人的，怨恨神的（或作被神所憎恶的，侮慢人的，狂傲的，自夸的，捏造恶事的，违背父母的，无知的，背约的，无亲情的，不怜悯人的。他们虽知道神判定，行这样事的人是当死的，然而他们不但自己去行，还喜欢别人去行。

IX. And also sundry grievous offenders, by color thereof claiming an exemption, have escaped the punishments due to them by the laws and statutes of this your realm, by reason that divers of your officers and ministers of justice have unjustly refused or forborne to proceed against such offenders according to the same laws and statutes, upon pretense that the said offenders were punishable only by martial law, and by authority of such commissions as aforesaid; which commissions, and all other of like nature, are wholly and directly contrary to the said laws and statutes of this your realm.

而且，各种各样犯有重罪的人，通过这样的幌子要求免除审判，已经逃脱根据王国内的法律和条令他们应得的惩罚，其原因就是若干国王的审判官员和大臣以前述的罪人应按军事法律，应由前述的代理人的权力来惩罚为借口，不公正的拒绝或避免根据同样的法律和条令审判这些人；这些委托函，以及其它所有这一类的东西，均完全的与王国内前述的法律和条令相违背。良好的人性，恰当的理性，和对上帝的信仰。规则的美在于简单，个性的美在于丰富，语言的美在于逻辑。

Had I continued in the Station I was now in, I had room for all the happy things to have yet befallen me, for which my Father so earnestly recommended a quiet retired Life, and of which he had so sensibly describ'd the middle Station of Life to be full of; but other things attended me, and I was still to be the wilful Agent of all my own Miseries; and particularly to encrease my Fault and double the Reflections upon my self, which in my future Sorrows I should have leisure to make; all these Miscarriages were pro by my apparent obstinate adhering to my foolish inclination of wandring abroad and pursuing that Inclination, in contradiction to the clearest Views of doing my self good in a fair and plain pursuit of those Prospects and those measures of Life, which Nature and Providence concurred to present me with, and to make my Duty.

我若能长此安居乐业下去，生活必然会无比幸福。正是为了能获得这些幸福，我父亲曾竭力规劝我过一种安份守己的平静生活；而且，他告诉我，只有中间地位的生活，才享有种种幸福。他的看法确实是通情达理、切合实际的。然而，冥冥中另一种命运在等待着我。我自己一手造成了自己的不幸，增加了自己的过错，使我后来回想起来倍加悔恨。我后来遭遇的种种灾难都是由于我执迷不悟，坚持我遨游世界的愚蠢愿望，并刻意去实现这种愿望。结果，我违背了大自然与造物主的意愿和自己的天职，放弃用通常正当的手段追求幸福的生活，以致给自己造成无穷的危害。

Had I continued in the Station I was now in, I had room for all the happy things to have yet befallen me, for which my Father so earnestly recommended a quiet retired Life, and of which he had so sensibly describ'd the middle Station of Life to be full of; but other things attended me, and I was still to be the wilful Agent of all my own Miseries; and particularly to encrease my Fault and double the Reflections upon my self, which in my future Sorrows I should have leisure to make; all these Miscarriages were pro by my apparent obstinate adhering to my foolish inclination of wandring abroad and pursuing that Inclination, in contradiction to the clearest Views of doing my self good in a fair and plain pursuit of those Prospects and those measures of Life, which Nature and Providence concurred to present me with, and to make my Duty.

我若能长此安居乐业下去，生活必然会无比幸福。正是为了能获得这些幸福，我父亲曾竭力规劝我过一种安份守己的平静生活；而且，他告诉我，只有中间地位的生活偶像拉丁文idola的意译。又译&幻像&或&假相&。详，才享有种种幸福。他的看法确实是通情达理、切合实际的。然而，冥冥中另一种命运在等待着我。我自己一手造成了自己的不幸，增加了自己的过错，使我后来回想起来倍加悔恨。我后来遭遇的种种灾难都是由于我执迷不悟，坚持我遨游世界的愚蠢愿望，并刻意去实现这种愿望。结果，我违背了大自然与造物主的意愿和自己的天职，放弃用通常正当的手段追求幸福的生活，以致给自己造成无穷的危害。

When I had consider'd this a little, it follow'd necessarily, that I was certainly in the Wrong in it, that these People were not Murtherers in the Sense that I had before condemn'd them, in my Thoughts; any more than those Christians were Murtherers, who often put to Death the Prisoners taken in Battle; or more frequently, upon many Occasions, put whole Troops of Men to the Sword, without giving Quarter, though they threw down their Arms and submitted.

于是，我对自己的计划也改变了看法，并开始冷静地考虑我自己的行动。我想：这么多世纪以来，上天都容许这些人不断互相残杀而不惩罚他们，那我有什么权力和责任擅自将他们判罪处死，代替上天执行对他们的判决呢？这些人对我又究竟犯了什么滔天大罪呢？我又有什么权力参与他们的自相残杀呢？我经常同自己进行辩论：&我怎么知道上帝对于这件公案是怎样判断的呢？毫无疑问，这些人并不知道他们互相吞食是犯罪行为；他们那样做并不违反他们的良心，因而他们也不会受到良心的谴责。他们并不知道食人是违背天理的罪行而故意去犯罪，就像我们大多数人犯罪时一样。他们并不认为杀死战俘是犯罪行为，正如我们并不认为杀牛是犯罪行为；他们也不认为吃人肉是犯罪行为，正如我们并不认为吃羊肉是犯罪行为。&我稍稍从这方面考虑了一下，就觉得自己不对了。我感到他们并不是我过去心目中所谴责的杀人犯。有些基督徒在战斗中常常把战俘处死，甚至在敌人已经丢下武器投降后，还把成队成队的敌人毫无人道地杀个精光。从这方面来看，那些土人与战斗中残杀俘虏的基督徒岂不一样！

The heads and leaders of the Church, moved by avarice and insatiable desire of dominion, making use of the immoderate ambition of magistrates and the credulous superstition of the giddy multitude, have incensed and animated them against those that dissent from themselves, by preaching unto them, contrary to the laws of the Gospel and to the precepts of charity, that schismatics and heretics are to be outed of their possessions and destroyed.

教会的首领，被贪婪和不可满足的支配他人的欲望所驱使，利用法官的过度的雄心和辨别力不强的多数群众的易受骗的迷信心理，违背福音书律法和仁慈的训令，向他们讲道说宗教派别分立者和异端应当剥夺他们的财产并毁灭之，以此激怒和煽动他们反对与他们观点分歧的人。

For the rest it may be said, that it is far from the Church's intention to restrict the Catholic's investigation regarding the doctrine of the Blessed Sacrament to any particular view of natural philosophy or even to require him to establish its truth on the principles of medieval physics; all that the Church demands is, that those theories of material substances be rejected which not only contradict the teaching of the Church, but also are repugnant to experience and sound reason, as Pantheism, Hylozoism, Monism, Absolute Idealism, Cartesianism, etc.

对于剩下的，可以说，这是迄今从教会的意图，限制天主教的调查对于教义的圣体，以任何特定的看法自然哲学，或什至要求他，以确定其对真理的原则中世纪物理学；所有的教会的要求是，这些理论的材料物质被拒绝，这不仅违背了教学的教会，但也有令人憎恶的，以经验和完善的理由，正如泛神论， hylozoism ，一元论的，绝对的唯心论， cartesianism等。

Thus, we may clearly see after among the modern age locates human's question which the time faces is one kind of any type condition: The language request is rich, the reality existence, after has experienced ancient Greek, the middle ages, the modern philosophy and the modern philosophy baptism, the language already no longer merely was simple ""exchanges the tool"", but was ""the existence family"", after by now therefore the modern age needed to do was but reveals the human nature through the language, they very splendid have completed his task, but simultaneously he actually revealed on the road in this to walk too far, too is far, down to finally extinguished the human nature ball in the nihility, might like this already seriously violate humanity's natural disposition.

这样，在其中我们就可以清晰看到后现代所处时代所面临的人的问题是一种什么样的状况：语言要求的是丰富的、现实的存在，在经历了古希腊、中世纪、近代哲学和现代哲学的洗礼之后，语言已经不再仅仅是一个简单的&交流工具&了，而是&存在的家&了，因此这时后现代所要做的就是通过语言而彰显人性，他们很出色的完成了他的任务，但同时他却在这条彰显之路上走的太远、太远，以至于最终将人性弹灭在虚无之中，可这样已经严重违背了人类的本性。

The labia have now been sutured together almost completely.The drains and the Foley catheter come out at the top.

此刻阴唇已经几乎完全的缝在一起了，排除多余淤血体液的管子和Foley导管从顶端冒出来。

To get the business done, I suggest we split the difference in price.

为了做成这笔生意，我建议我们在价格上大家各让一半。