进行诉讼

Compared with the early stage of Qing, the reasons that the problem about the long—pending cases formed in late Qing mainly were the effect of the frequent modern wars and the serious corrupt of the bureaucrat stratum. A series of frequent wars not only made officials had no time to attend to administration of litigation, but also blocked ways so that the litigation procedure couldn't normally revolve. Unlimited procrastination and serious hoodwinking in litigation procedure easily caused long-pending cases too.

与清前期相比，晚清积案问题形成的原因主要为：近代频繁的战争的影响：鸦片战争以后发生的一系列频繁的战争不仅使得统治者难以顾及刑名案件的审理，而且极易造成道路梗阻，使得案件逐级审转制度难以正常进行；晚清腐败的吏治的影响：诉讼审判中漫无止境的任意拖延，严重的欺瞒之风等都是导致积案问题的重要因素。

Each Party hereby indemnifies the other Party and undertakes to hold harmless and defend the other Party against any and all claims, suits, losses, damages, disbursements (including legal and management costs) arising out of any alleged or actual breach or failure to comply with the terms and conditions hereof including but not limited to any infringement of the other Party's intellectual property or other rights occurring as a result of the offending Party's fault, omission or activities in connection with the Project.

各方谨此表示，因一方被指控违反、实际违反和未遵守本协议条款和条件，包括但不限于由于该方与项目有关的过错、不作为或活动导致对另一方的知识产权或其他权利的侵犯，而引起的任何和所有索赔、诉讼、损害、支出，均由该违约方向另一方做出赔偿，且违约方承诺使另一方免受损害，并为其进行抗辩。

On the non-essential joint and several liability,the case of indicting many debtors at the same time should introduce common-joinder.

不真正连带债务中，债权人一并起诉数个债权人的情形应当适用普通共同诉讼方式进行合并审理。

Judicatory actualization of constitution includes two aspects: first, judicature censor to law, statute and decision, order of sanction at larger which infracting the constitution; second , on the condition of lacking common law and of people' s basic right be infracted, applying constitution criterion to judge.

宪法司法化具体包括两方面内涵：一是对法律、法规以及具有普遍约束力的决定和命令进行违宪的司法审查；二是在公民基本权利受到侵害而普通法律缺位的情况下提起宪法诉讼，并在具体案件中适用宪法规范作判决。

Judicatory actualization of constitution includes two asp ects: first, judicature censor to law, statute and decision, order of sanction at larger which infracting the constitution; second , on the condition of lacking common law and of people' s basic right be infracted, applying constitution criterion to judge.

宪法司法化具体包括两方面内涵：一是对法律、法规以及具有普遍约束力的决定和命令进行违宪的司法审查；二是在公民基本权利受到侵害而普通法律缺位的情况下提起宪法诉讼，并在具体案件中适用宪法规范作判决。宪法司法化最早产生并发展于西方国家。我国至今未能实现宪法的司法化，究其原因，观念偏差和制度延误是两个主要方面。

First, medical malpractice cases are usually litigated in state courts rather than federal courts.

首先，治疗失当案件诉讼通常是在州级法庭，而非联邦法庭中进行的。

If one maliciously brings a civil suit against another or accuses another of a crime, lodges a complaint, or prosecutes an action against another and the proof fails, causing harm to the victim, he shall compensate for the loss.

恶意对他人提起民事诉讼或者进行违法犯罪告发，起诉或告发的事实被证明不成立，并且给受害人造成财产损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。

Strict provisos are attached to limitations of the right out of concern for public interests.

英美国家关于沉默权的争论并没有要完全否定沉默权的意思，而只是对沉默权的具体规则有不同意见；沉默权是一项有充分道德基础的个人权利，它既有重要的诉讼价值，又可能需要付出一定的代价，但一些国家出于保护公共利益的需要对它进行的限制均附带有严格的条件，沉默权的基本精神并没有受到损害。

Its moral basis, justifications and procedural values have been widely recognized. Strict provisos are attached to limitations of the right out of concern for public interests.

沉默权是一项有充分道德基础的个人权利，它既有重要的诉讼价值，又可能需要付出一定的代价，但一些国家出于保护公共利益的需要对它进行的限制均附带有严格的条件，沉默权的基本精神并没有受到损害。

While the right to silence has long been a subject of heated debate in both the UK and the USA, nobody has advanced an arbitrary argument as to abolishing it completely. Its moral basis, justifications and procedural values have been widely recognized. Strict provisos are attached to limitations of the right out of concern for public interests.

英美国家关于沉默权的争论并没有要完全否定沉默权的意思，而只是对沉默权的具体规则有不同意见；沉默权是一项有充分道德基础的个人权利，它既有重要的诉讼价值，又可能需要付出一定的代价，但一些国家出于保护公共利益的需要对它进行的限制均附带有严格的条件，沉默权的基本精神并没有受到损害。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。