进化的

Tooby and Cosmides proposed some rules about functional analysis:①functional analysis should be expressed in adaptationist terms,②a set of phenotypic properties is not an adaptation if it is transient, varying from individual to individual,③adaptations should be distinguished from their expression (which may vary from context to context),④a set of phenotypic properties is not an adaptation if it was absent in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness,⑤a set of phenotypic properties is not an adaptation if it did not solve an adaptive problem in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness.

图比和考斯米戴丝提出了功能分析的原则：①功能分析应该用适应的术语来表达；②一系列表现型的特点如果是暂时的，在不同的个体身上发生变化，它并非是一种适应；③适应应该与它们的表现（在不同的情景中可能发生变化）区分开；④一系列表现型的特点如果在进化适应性环境中不存在，则不是一种适应；⑤一系列表现型的特点如果不能解决进化适应性环境中的一种适应性的问题，也不是一种适应。

When the intellectual and ethical progress of a human race has reached the limits of evolutionary development, there comes an Avonal Son of Paradise on a magisterial mission; and later on, when the spiritual status of such a world is nearing its limit of natural attainment, the planet is visited by a Paradise bestowal Son.

当智力和道德的进化影响人类种族已到了极限的进化发展，随之而来的是avonal圣子的伊甸园；而且稍后，当一个世界精神状态是如此的接近达到它的自然的界限，由一个伊甸园圣子访问行星的赠品。

The hospital ecological models\' construction and operation mechanism research indicated that the various factors of the hospital inside and outside environment have composed set of complete systems, only then various factors move coordinated, the hospital survival condition can maintain good, the hospital possibly has the superiority competition status, instructs the hospital by the ecology thought the strategic competition behavior, is helpful to maintain inside environment stability and outside environment compatibility, is helpful to instructs the hospital to plan and arrangement strategy competition, promotes the ecology community of the hospital and the strategy ecosystem construction and coordination evolute, is helpful to the hospital to enhances own ecosystem long-term compatibility and system evolution ability, promotes the hospital and ecosystem sustainable development.

医院生态系统模型的构建和运行机制研究表明，医院的内外生态环境各因子组成了一套完整的系统，只有各因子协调运行，医院的生存状态才能保持良好，医院才可能具备优势竞争地位，以生态思维指导医院的战略竞争行为，有助于医院保持内环境的稳定性和外环境的适应性，有助于指导医院规划发展战略，促进医院与战略生态系统之间生态共同体的构建与协同进化，有助于医院形成对自身生态系统的长期适应性和系统进化能力，最终促进医院及其生态系统的可持续发展。

This paper mainly uses the tactics method of the evolutionary game namely replicator dynamics and the ESS under the boundedly rational conditions, with the hawk and pigeon model including the factor of power conflict , and case analysis method , which have carried on deep analysis to the course of the power conflict between the superior and the subordinate in company's political behavior, it draw superior with in what it is subordinate terms adopt tough offensive hawk strategy, adopt pigeon's strategy under some conditions , namely how to exercise one's own power.

本文主要用博弈论中进化博弈即有限理性条件下的复制动态和进化稳定策略方法，用加入权力冲突因素的鹰鸽博弈模型，以及案例分析的方法，对公司政治行为中上下级之间权力冲突的过程进行了深入的分析，得出了上司与下属在什么条件下采用强硬的进攻性的鹰战略，在什么条件下采用鸽战略，即如何行使各自的权力。

Combining the shortcoming of multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on the idea of objective space dividing with high calculation complexicity, this paper proposed an improved new algorithm which processed following characters: transforming the dominance relationship among individuals' Pareto to the rank relationship of sum index of interval in dividing space; simple and efficient environmental choosing method based on index ranking; an individual crowding algorithm which rapidly choosing the nearest to origin.

针对现有基于目标空间分割思想的进化算法计算时间复杂度高的缺陷，提出了一种改进的基于目标空间分割的多目标进化算法。该算法具有以下特点：把个体之间的Pareto支配关系转换成分割区间索引值排序关系的目标空间分割算法；简单高效的基于区间索引值排序的环境选择算子；一种快速的优先选择最接近分割区间原点的个体拥挤机制。

There are no distinct differences between ancestral character state and descendant character state in some characters. 4. Only one outgroup can't give enough information to tell what the ancestor looks like. It make us not to understand how a lot of charactors evolved. 5. The matsutake group is polyphyletic. 6. The character coding is not precise enough. 7. Some characters are not homology. The result of molecular systematic study on the matstuake group shows the group is not monophyletic. The matsutake group is more closed to Tricholoma than Armillaria. ITS sequence of Catathelasma ventricosum is nearly identical to that of the matsutake group, although apparently they are very different from each other in morphological characters.

对松口蘑群通过形态学特征进行系统发育关系分析造成很大的干扰的原因有：松口蘑的种类大多形态特征比较简单，可提供进行分析的特征不多；某些性状在一些状态之间的反复转化，造成分析上的误差；在进化过程中某些性状无明显的祖征和衍征，在分析过程中很难确定进化极性；选择外群时应该用一个特定类群进行整体理解后，确定各个性状的极性，不要只用单种作为外群；松口蘑群是一个多系群；进行比较的性状不一定是同源的；数量性状编码过于粗放，反映不出真实的情况。

In order to direct the construction of plant germplasms by elucidating the relatives among plants at the level of gene, CYP86MF gene analogues from 11 species of 6 genera in Cuciferae were respectively obtained by PCR strategy using gene specific primers designed from conserved regions of CYP86MF gene reported. Sequence comparisonindicated that the similarities among the genes at nucleotide level were over 80%, and the similarities at amino acid level remained above 70%. The differences between the genes at nucleotide and amino acid level between species were 1.0%~ 5.7% and 2.6%~ 7.3% respectively, while those between genera 5.6%~ 22.5% and 7.3%~ 31.2%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Brassica was closely related to Raphanus, followed by Rorippa Scop, Arabidopsis Heynh, Capsella Medic orderly, most distantly related to Orychophrogmus.

为了从分子水平阐明十字花科植物间的亲缘进化关系，给植物种质资源的创建提供理论依据，试验根据课题组已报道的CYP86MF基因编码的氨基酸保守区域设计特异引物，运用PCR技术分别从十字花科6个属11个物种中分离克隆到了CYP86MF基因的同源序列，经比较分析，结果表明：这些同源序列的相似性达80%以上，所推导的氨基酸序列相似性达70%以上，且两者种间差异分别为1.0%~ 5.7%和2.6%~ 7.3%，属间差异分别是5.6%~ 22.5%和7.3%~ 31.2%；由氨基酸序列构建的分子系统树可知，在亲缘进化关系上芸薹属与萝卜属较近，其他依次为蔊菜属、拟南芥属、荠菜属，而与诸葛菜属最远。

This course systematically describes the structure and function, transmission, expression and regulation, and evolution of genetic materials, covering basis of cytology for inheritance, molecular basis of genetic materials, Mendel's principles of inheritance, linkage and sex linkage, genemutation, variations in chromosome structure and number, quantitative genetics, inbreeding and heterosis, inheritance of bacteria and viruses, extranuclear inheritance, gene engineering, genomics, gene expression and regulation, developmental genetics, population genetics and evolution.

本课程全面系统地介绍遗传物质的结构与功能、遗传物质的传递、遗传物质的表达与调控、遗传物质的进化等，包括遗传的细胞学基础、遗传物质的分子基础、孟德尔遗传、连锁遗传和性连锁、基因突变、染色体结构变异、染色体数目变异、数量性状的遗传、近亲繁殖和杂种优势、细菌和病毒的遗传、细胞质遗传、基因工程、基因组学、基因表达的调控、遗传与发育、群体遗传与进化。

To summarize molecular, morphology, chromosome and pollen characters, the conclusion was reached that Epimedium was an nd monophyletic taxon. To divide the genus into any groups would be artificial. It is proposed that the disjunction by space, climate and seas were the main reason of respectively differentiation of each group by the view of geographic and climate changes in the temperate zone of the world. Because of its evolution-conservation, the disjunction did not bring about obvious divergence on the level of molecular and morphology.

综合分子特征和形态、细胞学、孢粉学等性状，提出淫羊藿属是一个进化上极为保守的、自然的单系的植物类群，进行属下任何阶元的划分都将是人为的，从旧世界温带的地质变化及气候变迁的角度推测，空间、气候和海洋的隔离是产生类群各自分化的主要原因，但由于其进化上极度保守，这些隔离尚未产生出类群间形态上和分子水平上的明显趋异。

Deep evolution is an aggregate of many kinds of evolutions; it is a multifaced god, a creator with many arms, working by many methods, of which natural selection of variation is perhaps the most universal factor.

深奥的进化过程，实际上是由多种类型的进化过程所叠加在一起而总和而成的，它是那种具有多副面孔的神，一位长有多条臂膀的创造者，它通过多种不同的方法来进行它的工作，而在这些方法之中，对变异的自然选择，也许是一种应用最为广泛的因子而已。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。