进化的

Assuming the correctness of the generalization by which philologers have attempted to reconstruct the social economy of the Aryans, we find that people, at an unknown date before the dawn of tradition, occupying nearly the same point of advancement as that now occupied by the pastoral hordes of Kirghiz Tartary, and leading much the same sort of life.

假设语言学家尝试重建雅利安社会经济所作概括的正确性，我们发现那方人民在传统的黎明之前一个未知的时期，占据着几乎相同的进化点，就象现在鞑靼地方吉尔吉斯游牧部落占据的进化点，并过着很是相同的生活方式。

K. Popper turn to ontology of three worlds, evolutionary philosophy and philosophy of biology after the middle of 60 decade last century, since he Finished his argument of his falsificationism in the fields of logic, methodology and probabilism. Popper has developed his Evolutionary Epistemology, which occupied an important place in his works during this period.

本文指出，波普尔在上世纪完成他的证伪主义的逻辑学和方法论论证及其在政治哲学中的应用的研究之后，从60年代中期开始，重点转向三个世界的本体论、进化哲学和生物学哲学的研究，其中对进化认识论研究占着一个突出的地位。

The PBIL algorithm is a combination of genetic algorithms and competitive learning, which maintains a probability vector about the search space and uses it to direct algorithm's exploration.

PBIL进化算法有效结合了简单遗传算法和竞争学习算法的特点，通过一个不断更新的且与搜索空间有关的概率矢量来指导算法的搜索，该概率矢量是整个进化过程的信息积累，用它指导产生的后代将会更加优秀。

What is now clear is that the evolution of eukaryote cells is either caused by or at least profoundly influenced by, symbiosis with bacterial and archaean cells at some stage in the Proterozoic.

现在清楚的是，在原生代的某些阶段细菌细胞和太古细胞的共生，造成了真核细胞的进化，或对真核细胞的进化产生了深刻的影响。

The relationship between the proterozoic Era and explosive evolution of the life on the Cambrian period was preliminary explored by an Ecological and Evolutionary approach in this paper.

距今38亿年前地球最早生命诞生以来，至元古代早期第一个真核细胞开始出现；从无性分裂或出芽繁殖的原核生物到有性繁殖的真核单细胞生物以及从单细胞的原生动物到真核多细胞的后生动物的进化，无疑是生命进化过程中非常重要的事件。

Results Same conservative sites and key catalytic sites existed among SjLDH and LDHs from other species. Similarity of SjLDH compared to CsLDH, TvLDH and HsLDH was 75%, 17%, 58%-60% respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the evolution relation between SjLDH and DmLDH was closer than the relation between SjLDH and CeLDH, the relationship between SjLDH and HsLDH-B,-C was closer than HsLDH-A. Three trans-membrane regions were found, the region of 98aa-106aa in three hydrophilia regions located outside of membrane was inferred as the major antigen epitope. This antigen epitope had significant difference with LDHs from protozoon （ Pf ., Tg ., Tv .） and had 1-3 amino acid residue difference with MmLDH, HsLDH-A,-B,-C, and was the same with CsLDH. One of the key catalytic residues and substrate binding loop were located in this region. Tertiary structure demonstrated that 98aa-106aa was on the surface of the protein and formed a substrate binding loop, other two key catalytic sites were at the position near the loop.

结果 SjLDH与其他物种的同源序列含相同的保守位点及催化活性位点，与华支睾吸虫LDH同源性最高为75％，与阴道毛滴虫LDH同源性最低为17%，与人LDH（HsLDH-A，-B，-C）的同源性为58%~60％； SjLDH与果蝇的进化距离较秀丽隐杆线虫为近，3种人LDH中与HsLDH-B、-C的进化距离较HsLDH-A为近；该蛋白具有3个跨膜区域，3个高亲水性区域，主要的线性表位98aa~106aa位于膜外，与原虫LDH相同区域差异显著，而与其他LDH有1~3个氨基酸的差异，关键催化位点之一及底物丙酮酸结合区域位于该区域，蛋白质同源模建分析表明该区域位于蛋白表面形成环状结构，3个关键催化位点位于该区域或在其附近。

Objective: The research was used the methods that had been improved by our lab for miRNA clone and expression analysis. Oreochromis nilotica, Xenopus laevis, Trachemys scripta elegans, Gallus gallus four species from Pisces、Ammphibia、Reptilia、Ayes had been used as the meaterrl to fred out the impacts of miRNA on animal evolution in this research as well as rich the miRNA database.

目的：利用本实验室改良的miRNA克隆方法及检测方法，我们从鱼纲、两栖纲、爬行纲、鸟纲中分别选取罗非鱼、蟾蜍、巴西龟、家鸡四种动物的脑为实验材料，丰富物种的miRNA数据库，并初步探讨miRNA在物种进化中的作用，为研究物种的进化提供新的思路和方法。

However, some recent studies demonstrated that urochordate sea squirt is the sister group of vertebrates instead of cephalochordates.In order to further elucidate the relationship in cephalochordates,urochordates and vertebrates and therefore,it is very essential for carting through transcriptome-wide analysis of amphioxusand comparating with sea Urchin and sea squirt.In addition,it would also provide an important foundation for further annotating and assembling of the forthcomingly publicized amphioxus genome.

近来分子系统学的研究结果对文昌鱼的进化地位提出了挑战，因此本论文在文昌鱼基因组计划尚未完成之前，对文昌鱼EST序列的转录组比较分析以及EST数据库分析平台的建立，为更进一步地注释文昌鱼的基因功能、揭示其进化地位以及比较基因组学的研究都具有十分重要的理论与实践意义。

The point of innovation is that the code description of a machine that learns, that acquires information form and about the environment, can be small compared with what the machine learns…When such a step occurred in the evolution of animal species, an essential limitation upon all previous evolution was removed: The self-reproducing molecule was no longer burdened with the organism's entire stock of information.

创新的要点是对机器学习的规则程序说明，即从环境中获得有关于环境的信息，它可以与机器学习到的东西做比较。当这样一个步骤发生在动物物种的进化过程中时，先前进化过程的一个重要限制就可以被解除：自我复制分子已不再背负着有机体的整个信息储存。

We observed that the genomic data for the four fig species were more divergent than for stone oak species, possibly due to their complex pollination syndrome and high rates of gene flow. Our approach greatly enhances the application of SRS technology to the study of non-model organisms and directly identifies the most informative genetic elements for more detailed study and assembly.

新一代 DNA 测序技术的突破为研究热带森林的生态和进化提供了一个新的平台， Cannon 教授等的研究是版纳植物园为把基因组学应用在植物功能适应进化与气候变化、物种多样化和共存、以及极度濒危的亚洲热带森林自然资源保护诸方面所迈出的重要一步。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。