进化的

Directed molecular evolution of enzyme, originated in the beginning of the nineties of the last century, was a new strategy of protein engineering, which could rapidly modify proteins for specific purpose through imitating externally natural evolutions, as well as it has arisen a revolution in biocatalyst field.

酶的分子定向进化是20世纪90年代初兴起的一种蛋白质工程的新策略，是一种在生物体外模拟自然进化过程的、具有一定目的性的快速改造蛋白质的方法。该方法引起了生物催化技术领域的又一次革命。

Further, under weakened conditions (without the assumption of continuity of objective function), the convergence theorem of EP and ES with the general mutation operators is also given.

针对一般的变异算子，在不要求目标函数连续的情况下，证明了保持最优个体的进化规划和进化策略，迭代产生的最优个体的函数值收敛到问题的最优值的ε-邻域的概率为1。

Failing this mankind would stand at the bar of abstract justice (for there may be no posterity to judge) as the mass murderer of life generally, his own included, and mass disrupter of the intricate planetary development that made life in its present glory possible in the first place.

人类如果做不到这一点，那就会成为大规模荼毒生灵的凶杀，成为大规模破坏地球错综复杂的进化（是这种进化最终形成了目前这种生命繁荣的景象）的罪魁祸首而受到抽象意义上的法庭的审判（因为到那时可能已经没有子孙后代来审判他了）。

It indicated that a considerable degree of genetic differertiation has taken place in the A and B genomes of two species during evolution from wild emmer to common wheat.2 The similarities co-efficiency of A genome of common wheat and wild emmer was slightly higher than that of B genome.

野生二粒小麦与普通小麦A染色体组的遗传相似性高于两物种B染色体组的遗传相似性，从而说明小麦的不同染色体组在进化过程中的遗传速率或者说进化中的稳定程度是不同的。

The SARS virus origin which obviously differs from the theory of out space origin and the theory of wildlife origin was theoretically discussed based on principles of pollution evolution ecology,pathogenesis and infectant characteristics of SARS,and some relevant experimental evidence. It emphasizes on the fact that increasingly combined pollution in China provides a substantial basis for virus evolution.

针对当前广为流传的SARS病毒"太空起源说"和"野生动物来源说"两种理论，本文根据污染进化生态学原理和SARS病毒发病传染特征，以有关实验结果为科学依据，阐述了SARS病毒的起源问题，指出：我国当前环境日益严重的复合污染为SARS致病病毒的产生提供了适宜的外部生态条件和物质基础，SARS致病病毒可能起源于多个病毒的基因重组或融合，更可能是一种来自于感冒病毒进化而形成的超级感冒病毒。

Firstly, population partition methodology is presented by combining characteristics of both the cooperative co-evolutionary genetic algorithm and the neural network. Secondly, a novel mixed encoding method is also put forward to perform synchronal optimization of structure and weights of the neural network. Proper crossover and mutation operators were designed based on the encoding method. Next, a novel structure optimization technique is given according to the relationship among encoding, representation and cooperative group. Representative individual selecting and fitness evaluating are given.

首先，结合合作式协同进化遗传算法本身特性和神经网络特点，给出种群分割方法；其次，为了实现结构和权值的同步优化，提出一种新的混合编码方法，并根据该混合编码方法设计新的交叉和变异算子；然后，根据编码结构、代表个体和合作团体之间的关系，提出一种新的结构优化方法；再次，给出进化过程所需代表个体选择、适应度构造方法等。

Goldschmidt spent a unrewarded lifetime showing that extrapolating the gradual transitions of microevolution could not explain macroevolution.

Goldschmidt用了一生的时间——而且没有任何回报——来尽力说明这样的一个观点：大型的进化是无法从微小进化（比如，从红玫瑰到白玫瑰）的渐变中获得解释的。

Goldschmidt spent a unrewarded lifetime showing that extrapolating the gradual transitions of microevolution could not explain macroevolution.

高兹史密特用了一生的时间——而且没有任何回报——来尽力说明这样的一个观点：大型的进化是无法从微小进化（比如，从红玫瑰到白玫瑰）的渐变中获得解释的。

Molecular cloning and expression of FKN/CX3CR1 and their mutated counterpartsTo study the evolutionary rule in function from Old World Monkey to Homonid and the role of negative selection sites, possible Darwinian positive selection sites and deletion mutation, full-length FKN/CX3CR1 and mutant gene were obtained by overlapping extension PCR and site-directed mutagenesis.

FKN／CX3CR1分子及突变子的基因克隆和表达克隆旧大陆猴和人猿超科7个物种FKN、CX3CR1全基因及其突变体并进行体外表达，为后续观察FKN／CX3CR1在高级灵长类物种进化过程中免疫学功能的演变并在功能上验证FKN／CX3CR1协同进化以及研究上述位点对FKN／CX3CR1介导的免疫学功能的影响奠定分子生物学基础。

Turning our attention to difficult sentences, we felt that 'Lombroso and Ferrero, to whom criminal men were biologically less evolved, saw women as being less evolved than men and closer to primitive types and argued that natural selection had bred out their criminal tendencies' (third paragraph on page 16 of the reading) was rather complex and a possible stumbling block.

把我们的注意力转向困难语句，我们认为&龙波舒和费立诺，认为那些犯罪的男性在生物学上进化较少，认为女性比男性进化更少，接近于原始类型，认为自然选择剔除了他们的犯罪倾向。&（阅读材料第十六页第三段）相当复杂，是一个可能的障碍。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。