进化的

Moreover, we we sequenced the entire mitochondrial DNA control region from 17 charadriiform species, and found that the base composition and distribution of the variable nucleotide sites within the control region were similar to other avian species, but a series of short tandem repeated motifs in the 3' end of domain III made A nucleotides and length increased significantly. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these sequences could not well resolve the relationship among genus in Charadriiformes, but within genera maybe has some valuable phylogenetic information.

此外，本研究测定了鸻形目17种鸟类线粒体调控区序列，发现在碱基组成和进化速率上与其它鸟类相似，但其3'末端的串联重复序列导致domain III长度且A含量显著增加；利用调控区序列未能较好的解决鸻形目属以上水平的分类，但对于解决属内物种间的进化关系具有一定的参考价值。

And, we selected some representative species of Collembola and representative groups of Protura, Diplura, Insecta and Arustacean to sequence and analyze their 18S rRNA completely gene sequences, 28S rRNA D6-D7 domain and nearly completely gene sequences to make the studies about the phylogeny relationships of the main families and orders of Collembola, discuss the questions such as the reliability about the new four orders system to Collembola, the monophyletic and ordinal phylogenetic relationships of them and the situation of the special groups, the phylogenetic relationships about Collembola with other groups and the evolution of Hexapod.

同时选取弹尾纲的代表种类和原尾纲、双尾纲、昆虫纲、甲壳动物等节肢动物部分类群，进行了18S rRNA基因全序列和28S rRNA基因D6-D7区以及近全长序列的测定、分析，对弹尾纲重要科属的亲缘关系、进化地位进行分子系统学研究，讨论弹尾纲最新分类系统中四目的确定性、各目单系性、四目的系统关系、特殊类群的分类地位，以及弹尾纲和其它类群之间亲缘关系、六足动物进化等问题。

Here are two:"The known fossil record fails to document a single example of phyletic evolution accomplishing a major morphologic transition and hence offers no evidence that the gradualistic model can be valid," says Stephen Stanley , evolutionary paleontologist.

一个是 Stephen Stanley ，进化古生物学家，他的观点是：&已知的化石记录无法提供哪怕是一个实例来证明说物种的进化曾经完成过某种主要的形态变迁，因此也就没能为那种渐进模型的有效性提供任何证据。&

Here are two:"The known fossil record fails to document a single example of phyletic evolution accomplishing a major morphologic transition and hence offers no evidence that the gradualistic model can be valid," says Stephen Stanley, evolutionary paleontologist.

一个是史蒂芬·斯坦利，进化古生物学家，他的观点是：&已知的化石记录无法提供哪怕是一个实例来证明说物种的进化曾经完成过某种主要的形态变迁，因此也就没能为那种渐进模型的有效性提供任何证据。&

Phylogenetic assay indicated that this gene differed from the known germin-like proteins from gramineous family.

系统进化分析表明该基因片段与已知的来自禾本科的萌发素蛋白分属不同的进化分支，很可能是新的小麦萌发素蛋白成员。

New material indicates differing ontogenetic trajectories for their forelimbs: In Ichthyostega, the pattern of muscle attachment processes on small humeri resembles that in "fish" members of the tetrapod stem group such as Tiktaalik, whereas large humeri approach the tetrapod crown-group condition; in Acanthostega, both small and large humeri exhibit the crown-group pattern.

过去，研究人员相信Acanthostega是在化石记录中最像鱼的陆地动物，但这一有关Ichthyostega 迁徙前肢的新发现表明，Ichthyostega 应该在进化树上占有一个更基底的位置，而其它的种系（如Acanthostega）可能是从Ichthyostega 所进化而来，而非反过来的情景。

According to molecular phylogenetic analysis of MADS1, MOC1, and TB1 alleles, the bamboo species may be divided to three main monophyletic group, but they are not corresponded to diffuse, unicaespitose and pluricaespitose bamboo.

进一步对不同基因(MADS1、MOC1和TB1)的系统进化作了比较，发现MOC1基因的系统进化分析结果对现有分类体系的支持最多，MADS1基因次之，而TB1基因可能不适用于竹类植物的系统进化与分类分析。

They all contain 13 protein coding gene,2 rRNA gene,22 tRNA gene and 1 D-Loop.The base composition for the four nucleotides is A-32.0%,C-27.6%,G-14.7%,T-25.8%,And it is A-32.5%,C-26.9%,G-14.1%,T-26.5%for Yellow-throated Marten.But there are some definite differences in base composition,the using of Initiation codon and Stop codon,and the mode of repeat sequences in control region.The codon usages of Manes have bias,and the ttiird locations of codon of protein-coding genes have the higher frequency in using A and C.There may be some relativity with the content of A and C in D-loop,namely,it has relation with the mode of repeat sequences.The complete mitochondrial genome of the Sable and Yellow-throated Marten were submitted to GenBank,and the accession number are FJ429093 and FJ719367 respectively.3、The complete mitochondrial genome of 6 other species of Mustelidae from GenBank and some sequences of D-loop from the 6 species were aligned.

分析紫貂大兴安岭亚种、长白山亚种、阿尔泰亚种和北欧亚种间的基因流及进化历史得知：大兴安岭种群与新疆种群和长白山种群间的基因流水平最高(Nm=0.1260和0.1427)，新疆与长白山种群间最低Nm=0.0053紫貂种群在进化过程中可能发生过种群膨胀，经历过种群增长过程。2、对紫貂和黄喉貂的线粒体全基因组结构进行分析发现：全长分别为16 523bp和16549bp，均包含13个蛋白质编码基因、2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因和1个非编码序列区(D-Loop区，紫貂全序列中碱基组成为A-32.0%，C-27.6%，G-14.7%，T-25.8%，黄喉貂为A-32.5%，C-26.9%，G-14.1%，T-26.5%；基因排列顺序与日本貂和貂熊的一致，但碱基组成、起始密码子和终止密码子的使用及控制区中串联重复序列模式等均存在一定差异。

Over the past two decades, there have been several approximate methods that adopt different mutation models and used for estimating nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates based on protein-coding sequences across species or even different evolutionary lineages.

比较基因组分析是研究生物进化关系的基本工具，非同义替换率和同义替换率的计算是研究分子进化动力学的重要内容。在过去的二十多年，基于马尔科夫链的核酸替代模型一直在不断发展。

Here, similarities between archaebacteria and eukarykaryotic otic cells in many aspacts including DNA duplication, transcription, translation and histones, chromatin, proteasome were introduced. Finally, the evolutionary position of archaebacteria and their significance to onery gin of the eukaryotic cells were discussed.

结合国际上对原细菌，尤其是它与真核细胞在许多方面（包括DNA复制、转录和翻译整个中心法则，组蛋白、染色质及蛋白酶复合体等）密切的亲缘关系的研究结果，对原细菌的进化地位及其对揭示真核细胞的起源进化问题的意义进行了探讨。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。