进化的

In order to measure the evolutional process, the judgment formula of convex-concave and convergence power of evolutional grey sequence are deduced, and the computation and graph methods of evolutional grey iteration are designed.

本文提出了一种新的软件工程方法&竞赛软件工程&，这是一个软件质量进化度量的过程框架。为度量这个进化过程，鬃者推导出灰序列凸凹性判断公式和收敛阶公式，并设计出计算判别法和图解判别法。

Methods All H5A1 sequence in NCBI genhank and influenza se- quence database were downloaded and aligned, then fast maximizing likelihood method was applied to construct phylogenetic tree, and SRDT model was used to estimate evolution rate and ancestral date for tree branches.

方法下载NCBI Genbank和美国洛斯阿莫斯国家实验室流感病毒数据库中全部的甲型流感病毒H5A1序列，采用快速极大似然法绘制进化树，并用SRDT模型估计各分枝的进化速度与出现时间。

With the help of latest developed bioinformatics tools, all available Influenza H5A1 strains were explored to deeply under stand their evolution tendency. Methods All H5A1 sequence in NCBI genbank and influenza sequence database were downloaded and aligned, then fast maximizing likelihood method was applied to construct phylogenetic tree, and SRDT model was used to estimate evolution rate and ancestral date for tree branches.

下载NCBI Genbank和美国洛斯阿莫斯国家实验室流感病毒数据库中全部的甲型流感病毒H5A1序列，采用快速极大似然法绘制进化树，并用SRDT模型估计各分枝的进化速度与出现时间。

The discipline plant evolutionary developmental biology has emerged over the last 10 years. It is a major clade of evolutionary developmental biology or evo-devo.

植物进化发育生物学是最近十几年来才兴起的一门学科，它是进化发育生物学的主要分支之一。

Alternatively,有性生殖 may allow for the ' ratcheting ' of evolutionary speed as one clade competes with another for a limited resource .

或者，有性生殖可能象'棘轮'那样控制了进化发展的速度，因为一个进化枝会和另一个竞争有限的资源。

By comparing their sequences with homologues from other plants, it was found that GME genes were highly conserved among plant species, though phylogenetic study showed that all known GMEs could be divided into two distinct groups corresponding to monocots and dicots.

通过逆转录PCR技术从水稻成熟叶片中克隆到两个GME基因的cDNA序列，并与其他植物物种中的GMEs进行比对，结果显示，GME基因在所有植物物种中高度保守，尽管进化树分析表明单子叶植物GMEs和双子叶植物GMEs在进化上相互独立。

Firstly, both cDNAs were isolated from the rice mature leaves using RT-PCR technique. By comparing their sequences with homologues from other plants, it was found that GME genes were highly conserved among plant species, though phylogenetic study showed that all known GMEs could be divided into two distinct groups corresponding to monocots and dicots.

通过逆转录PCR技术从水稻成熟叶片中克隆到两个GME基因的cDNA序列，并与其他植物物种中的GMEs进行比对，结果显示，GME基因在所有植物物种中高度保守，尽管进化树分析表明单子叶植物GMEs和双子叶植物GMEs在进化上相互独立。

In the 5 million years since we hominids separated from ape s, our DNA has evolved less than 2%.

在人类从猿进化为人之后的五百万年中，我们的DNA只进化了不到2%。

Anguillarum isolates, while 94.3% and 91.9% nucleotide identical to L. pelagius and Photobacterium damselae respectively. MP analysis showed that ayu-H080701 shared 97.6%-98.8 % amino acid sequence identical to L. anguillarum isolates, while lower than 75.6 % to other bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ayu-H080701 grouped constantly with L. anguillarum isolates. The biochemical, physiological tests and sequence analysis all strongly supported the identification of the pathogen causing ayu vibriosis in Ninghai country, China, as an isolate of L.

PCR扩增检测表明，细菌16S rRNA 基因通用引物和鳗利斯顿氏菌MP基因特异引物均能扩增到预期大小的特异性条带。ayu-H080701与鳗利斯顿氏菌16S rRNA基因核苷酸序列同源性最高，为99.4%～99.5%，与同属的海弧菌和美人鱼发光杆菌分别为94.3%和91.9%；ayu-H080701与鳗利斯顿氏菌MP氨基酸序列同源性高达97.6%～98.8 %，与其它弧菌科成员则低于75.6 %，系统进化树分析也揭示ayu-H080701与鳗利斯顿氏菌进化相关性最高。

Results show that molecularsystematics study can supplement the shortcoming of morphological study onspecies delimitation of Bothriocephalid tapeworms since molecular evolutioncan reflect the intrinsic phylogenetic relationships among species,and sincethe phenetic evolution and molecular evolution are independent processes,with the former reveals more conservative change than the latter.

结果表明形态学研究对于头槽绦虫种的界定存在明显不足，而分子系统学研究可以弥补这个不足；两者在进化上位于不同层次，前者进化速率非常缓慢，相对而言后者更能反映物种间遗传本质上的亲缘关系。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。