进化的

While addressing topics in community and ecosystem dynamics, evolution of sex and mating systems, organismal adaptation, and genetic aspects of evolution.

同时在群落，生态系统动力学，性和交配体系的进化，生物适应性，进化遗传学方面选择主题。

By iteratively combining these two procedures we achieve a way of training the configuration of RBFNN. In addition, the algorithm is very robust with respect to the noise level. Simulation experiments show that the proposed algorithms are sound. In chapter 3, which is the extension of chapter 2, the improvements of the architectures of RBFNNs and the solutions of their relating problems are discussed, Firstly, an new distance metric is advanced and a forward orthogonal least square selection procedure is applied to learning the parameters of classification function and selecting the important input nodes.

首先分析了目前存在的同时确定RBFNN结构和参数的方法的缺陷，在此基础上提出了用基于拉马克的进化学说的进化编程算法来改进算法，以克服某些缺陷；然后针对受到严重噪声污染的系统，如何提高RBFNN的泛化能力的问题，利用基于AIC的适应度函数的改进遗传算法学习结构和参数；最后介绍基于MDL原理的方法，将优化网络的结构和参数分为两个阶段：训练和进化，先自适应地改变RBFNN基函数的中心和宽度，同时训练输出线性权值，再用基于MDL原理的适应度函数的标准GA来优化隐层节点，通过交替使用这两过程达到训练RBFNN的结构和参数的目的，该算法具有较强的鲁棒性。

Using the principle and methods of Cladistics to systematically study the comparative and evolutionary morphology of sawfly larvae of Hymenoptera; to reconstruct the phylogeny of sawflies and to probe on the co- evolution between sawflies and their host plants; further more to collect enemies of some important sawfly pests.

应用支序系统学原理和方法，系统深入地研究膜翅目叶蜂类幼期比较和进化形态学，推断和重建叶蜂系统演化关系，探讨叶蜂类昆虫与寄主植物之间协同进化关系，初步筛选重要叶蜂害虫的天敌昆虫。

Can evolution evolve its own teleological purpose ?

进化能进化自己的目的吗？

Has the orb-web a monophyletic or a polyphyletic origin? In other words, is Orbiculariae (Deinopoidea + Araneoidea) monophyletic or polyphyletic? There is a considerable dispute about phylogenetic relationship between Deinopoidea and Araneoidea.

但关于妖面蛛总科和园蛛总科间系统发生关系，即圆网蛛类是否为单系起源，换言之，圆网究竟是经历一次进化还是多次进化，多年来始终是悬而未决的蛛形学难题之一。

There is a case of an oysterlike bivalve that evolved a more and more spiraled shell until, just before extinction, the valves could barely open.

这里有个例子，一种牡蛎状双壳类软体动物，进化出越来越趋螺旋状的外壳，这种进化直到该物种灭绝前未停止过，其外壳已几乎不能开合。

Analysis of the secondary structure of ITS1 in Pectinidae: implications for phylogenetic reconstruction and structural evolution It is at present difficult to accurately position gaps in sequence alignment and to determine substructural homology in structure alignment when reconstructing phylogenies based on highly divergent sequences.

4栉孔扇贝与扇贝科其它7种扇贝ITS1二级结构的系统进化与结构进化分析目前，在序列比对过程中对缺口进行精确定位十分困难。

These findings illustrate the complexity of the homology concept in understanding evolution, particularly the evolution of mineralized tissues.

这些结果显示在进化过程中同源性概念异常复杂，尤其在矿化组织的进化过程中。

Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation is one of the largest groups of ecologists and evolutionary biologists in the UK.

简要介绍生态、进化和保护中心是英国最大的生态学家和进化生物学家团体之一。

And the complete cDNA sequence of GSTR was 1002bp in length, containing a coding region of 678bp (encoding 225 amino acids). Results of the phylogenetic analysis revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of the orange-spotted grouper was very similar to the GSTA of other fishes, such as common carp and zebrafish. The GSTR existed only in fish, but not in any other aquatic animals or land mammals (e.g. rat, mouse and human).

构建系统进化树发现，斜带石斑鱼与鲤鱼、斑马鱼GSTA氨基酸同源性较高，而GSTR为鱼类所特有并共同占据进化树上独立的分枝，与大鼠、小鼠、人等哺乳动物GST现有所有类型同源性均较低。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。