进化的

Evolution is regarded as a branching process, whereby populations are altered over time and may speciate into separate branches, hybridize together, or terminate by extinction.

进化被视为一个分枝过程；随着时间的推移，种群发生改变，种群也可能进化成为分枝，也可能相互杂交或灭绝终止。

He must regard the intricate patterns of evolution and coevolution.

他必须研究进化和共同进化错综复杂的类型。

The results support the traditional taxonomy based on morphology, but diversity presented more commonly in the subgenus Culex

系统进化关系分析结果与经典分类学分类系统接近一致，但库蚊亚属的进化可能更具多样性。

In this paper, a mathematical description of mutation operator and a concept of mutation function for the study of evolutionary programming and evolution strategies are proposed, and several methods and examples of constructing mutation operator with uniformly distributed random variables are presented.

进化算法是研究全局优化算法中最重要的随机算法之一，本文给出了进化规划和进化策略的变异算子的数学描述，并提出变异函数的概念，在此基础上，给出了用均匀分布的随机数构造变异算子的几种方法和若干例子。

Macroevolutionary studies focus on change that occurs at or above the level of species, in contrast with microevolution, which refers to smaller evolutionary changes (typically described as changes in allele frequencies) within a species or population.

宏进化研究重点关注发生在物种水平或物种以上水平的变化；相反，微观进化指的是物种内的或群体内的、较小的进化改变（通常用等位基因频率的变化来描述）。

Aiming at the foundation of Liu Shipei's literary viewpoints of evolution, namely, vulgarism and parallel prose, this article reviews it by two angles to language and vicissitudes of style, discovering that his literary viewpoints of evolution was only a sort of reasoning strategy, so his two standpoint of enlightening country and preserving Guoxue match respectively for vulgarism and establishing legitimacy for parallel prose.

文学进化观在近代文学观念中很值得研究，从梁启超和刘师培都可见这种文学观念的影响。而刘师培的进化文学观尤其复杂。本文从他立论的基础即俗语和骈文，从语言文字和文体变迁两个角度来讨论这个问题，认为他的进化文学观只是一种论证的策略，承认俗语和为骈文立正统分别合于他的启瀹齐民和保存国学两个立场。

The phylogenetic trees supported that Eriocaulaceae be treated as Eriocaulales because this family always been a nature independent group connected with other families. Eriocaulaceae grouped with Commelinaceae, which supported the close relationship and parallel evolution between the two families. Juncaceae was not close to Eriocaulaceae and more primitive. The relationship between Juncaceae and Cyperaceae was closer than that between Juncaceae and Poaceae. Among these families, Poaceae was the most primitive family and far from Eriocaulaceae. Also in Eriocaulaceae, Eriocaulon was supported to be more primitive.

从构建的系统发育树可以得到：①谷精草科独立形成一个植物类群，支持谷精草科独立成为谷精草目；②谷精草科与鸭跖草科聚成一个大的类群，说明两科的亲缘关系较近，并且表现为平行进化；③灯心草科不近缘于谷精草科，与禾本科相比，灯芯草科与莎草科之间存在更近的亲缘关系；④在进化程度上，灯心草科比谷精草科原始；禾本科与谷精草科的亲缘关系最远，并且在这几个科中处于最原始的进化地位；⑤系统树还支持谷精草科内部的系统关系，支持谷精草属在谷精草科中的原始系统位置。

Three major clusters of numt sequences ( cyt b numt、 ATP8+ATP6 numt and ND4+ tRNA-His+ tRNA-Ser numt) were particularity amplified and sequenced from 10 species within Galliformes and A.galericalata. Comparison numts sequences with homologous mitochondrial partial genes get the different evolutionary characteristics and evolutionary speed compared to mtDNA, then examine the age of insertion of numts using the sequence divergence of numt from the mtDNA. Finally, joined Coturnix japonica、 Coturnix chinensis、 Lophura leucomelana、 Lophura swinhoii and A.albifrons mitochondrial sequences in GenBank, we study the importance function to phylogenetic research of mitochondrial genes and homologous numts.The evolutionary rate of Numts is lower than their authentic sequences of mtDNA, cyt b and ND4 gene evolve faster than homologous numts 2.5 times; ATP8+ATP6 gene evolve faster than numts 18.9 times in Galliformes. Numts show less codon position bias and transition bias under not phylogenetic pressure.

根据2004年3月GenBank登录的红原鸡核基因组草图与其线粒体基因组比对发现红原鸡核基因组中存在3段较长的线粒体假基因，利用PCR方法扩增鸡形目10种鸟类和雁形目中鸳鸯核基因组中3段numt序列：cyt b numt、ATP8及下游ATP6 numt和ND4+tRNA-His+tRNA-Ser numt，测序后分别比较线粒体基因与核同源numt序列的进化特点和进化速率，确定numt序列插入核基因组的时间，以及结合GenBank已登录的日本鹌鹑、蓝胸鹑、黑鹇、蓝鹇和1个雁形目物种——白鹅雁(A.albifrons)相应序列探讨两种同源序列对于鸟类系统进化发育重建的重要作用。

The phylogenetic tree was constructed using maximum evolution approach in Mega. The negative selection sites were analyzed by using Datamonkey. There is an apparent 30 bp nucleotides deletion mutation in homonids FKN comparing to that of Old World Monkeys besides other point mutations. Homology of nucleotide sequence between human and chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, gibbon, macaque and leaf monkey is 99.2%、98.4%、98.1%、96.5%、95.9% and 93.8% respectively. Homology of amino acid sequence of them is 98.5%、98.0%、97.7%、94.7%、93.7% and 90.5% respectively.

序列分析发现人猿超科较旧大陆猴FKN基因除了有散在的点突变外，还有一明显的30bp的核苷酸缺失突变；人FKN基因序列与黑猩猩、大猩猩、红毛猩猩、长臂猿、猕猴和叶猴的同源性分别是99.2%、98.4%、98.1%、96.5%、95.9%和93.8%，由此推导的氨基酸序列同源性分别是98.5%、98.0%、97.7%、94.7%、93.7%和90.5%；FKN基因进化树表明人与黑猩猩关系更近，FKN基因进化和通常认为的物种进化一致；Datamonkey分析结果显示FKN存在3个负选择位点53Q、84D、239N。

In grain-filling stage, the qP values of evolutionary wheats decreased under water stress, while Shan253 and Changwu134 hadn't decreased, indicated that the effect of water stress on the re-oxidation in Q-A of modern wheat was slight, while before this stage, the electron transport from PSⅡto QA restrained by water stress was main factor of photosynthesis non-stomata limitation to modern wheat; The qNP values of hexaploid were higher than diploid and tetraploid wheat, indicated that the ability of using light energy

随小麦由二倍体向四倍体、六倍体及现代小麦进化，表观电子传递速率有增大趋势，其受水分胁迫影响的程度在花前期有加剧趋势，花前期栽培一粒、栽培二粒、普通小麦、陕253和长武134这五种小麦在水分胁迫下表观量子产额的降幅分别为5%、7.47%、14.29%、33.3%和53.49%，光饱和Pn的降幅分别为8.8%、26.14%、23.25%、44.22%和51.29%，光饱和点整体上也是下降的，且这三个指标的降幅随进化程度提高有增大趋势，表明小麦在进化过程中能量转换系统受水分胁迫影响的程度加剧；而在水分胁迫下，小麦的羧化效率和RuBP再生速率也均下降，下降的程

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。