进化的

The evolution is not in a way of Darwinism but Lamarckism. The evolution of technology is a process of selection which includes natural and social selection, which means flowing and integration of technology information. The evolution refers to not only the progress, but also stagnation and degeneration.

技术在技术环境中进化，技术环境包括自然环境和人文环境；技术进化具有拉马克式的特征，其要点是用进废退和获得性状的遗传；技术在选择中进化，技术的选择包括自然选择和社会选择两个方面；技术进化意味着技术信息的流动和组合；技术进化不仅仅指技术的进步，还包括技术的退化及技术发展的停滞；技术进化具有多样性；技术进化是不确定的，又可以在一定程度上预测；技术进化是连续进行的，但也表现出突变的特征；技术进化并不意味着技术是有机体。

Meditations of evolution increasingly vaster: of the moon invisible in incipient lunation, approaching perigee: of the infinite lattiginous scintillating uncondensed milky way, discernible by daylight by an observer placed at the lower end of a cylindrical vertical shaft 5000 ft deep sunk from the surface towards the centre of the earth: of Sirius 10 lightyears (57,000,000,000,000 miles) distant and in volume 900 times the dimension of our planet: of Arcturus: of the precession of equinoxes: of Orion with belt and sextuple sun theta and nebula in which 100 of our solar systems could be contained: of moribund and of nascent new stars such as Nova in 1901: of our system plunging towards the constellation of Hercules: of the parallax or parallactic drift of socalled fixed stars, in reality evermoving wanderers from immeasurably remote eons to infinitely remote futures in comparison with which the years, threescore and ten, of allotted human life formed a parenthesis of infinitesimal brevity.

347关于宇宙日益扩大进化的冥想：新月期的月亮，即使在近地点也看不见。从地表向地轴挖掘纵深五千英尺的圆筒状垂直轴，一个观察者呆在轴底儿上，就连白昼也辨认得出那漫无止境、网络状、亮光闪闪、非凝结性的银河。天狼距地球十光年（五七、000、000、000、000英里）；体积大于地球九百倍；大角；岁差运动；有着"猎户"腰带、六倍于太阳的"伐二"以及星云的猎户座，星云中能容纳我们的一百个太阳系；死去的和新生的星宿，例如一九0 一年的那颗"新星"我们的太阳系正朝着武仙座冲去；所谓恒星的视差或视差移动，也就是说，实际上恒星是在不断地从无限遥远的太古朝无限遥远的未来移动着。相形之下，人的寿命充其量才七十年，不过是无限短暂的一段插曲而已。

Notable findings include a theory to explain the extended ontogenetic and brain development periods of big-brained organisms, fMRI research on the neural correlates of romantic attraction, an evolutionary view of sex differences in spatial cognition, a theory of language evolution that draws on recent research on mirror neurons, and evidence for a rudimentary theory of mind in nonhuman primates.

值得注意的结论包括一个理论解释大打死的生物体的被延长的ontogenetic 和大脑开发周期， fMRI对浪漫的吸引力的神经的相关数的研究，性空间认知的差别的进化的意见，一个动用新近的对镜神经元的研究的语言演化，以及一个在非人类的大主教里的记忆的初步的理论的证据的理论。

Tricholoma may be a paraphyletic genus two. The collections identified as T. caligatum is a mixture. Some parts of them from France are members of T. matsutake, the other parts from North America are closed to T. bakamatsutake and T. fulvocastaneum. Tricholoma robustum and T. focale form a clade which is obviously a sister group of the stirp Subannulate. The stirp Caligata was defined as a group mainly on the basis of the predominant veil. But from the result of molecular systematic analysis, the presence of veil is not a stable character in the matsutake group. Species having symbiosis with conifers and broad leaf tree are all transformed from those whose host specificity is not strict. The phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences resembled the tree of NJ algorithm based on cladistic coding. In the phylogenetic tree based on morphylogical characters, T. zangii and T. bakamatsutake form a clade, but it is the result of convergent evolution as suggested by molecular analyses. The distribution area of the matsutake group can be divided into six regions: middle and northern Europe region, Mediterranean region, Hengduan Mount.— Southeastern Tibet region, Northeastern China—Japan—Far-east Russia region, the Atlantic—North America region and the Rocky Mountain region. The abundance center of the matsutake group are Hengduan Mount.—Southeastern Tibet region and the Rocky Mountain region. Hengduan Mount.

松口蘑群的分子系统学研究得出的结果有：由于粗壮口蘑和羽衣口蘑明显和亚环族(Tricholoma，section subannulate)的种类是来自同一个谱系，和其它松口蘑群的种不具有最近共同祖先，因此松口蘑群是一个多系群；松口蘑群和口蘑属其他种类的亲缘关系比和蜜环菌属更接近；梭柄松苞菇和松口蘑群的差距明显小于油黄口蘑(T.flavovirens)和棕灰口蘑；口蘑属是一个多系群；鉴定为欧洲口蘑的标本明显不是一个单系群，其中一部分是松口蘑，另一部分和黄褐口蘑及傻松口蘑(T.bakamatsutake)比较接近；划分松口蘑群的标准是菌环的存在，但从分子系统学的结果来看，菌环的存在与否并非是一个很稳定的性状；和针叶树专性共生及和阔叶树专性共生均由寄主专化性不强的种类转化而来；在形态学系统发育树上青冈口蘑和傻松口蘑被聚为一个分枝，分子系统学的研究结果表明，这是趋同进化的结果；用支序方法编码作出的NJ树的结果更接近ITS序列的结果。

Whatever they borrowed, this pessimism they did not borrow -- not from Greek thought, which was a joyous acknowledgment of and homage to the beautiful and noble in this world, with a studied disregard of the element of sorrow; not from Egyptian thought, which did not allow its elaborate speculations on retribution and judgment in the netherworld to cast a gloom on this present existence, but considered the universe created or evolved under the presiding wisdom of Thoth; not from Iranian thought, which held to the absolute supremacy of Ahura Mazda and only allowed Ahriman a subordinate share in the creation, or rather counter-creation, of the world; not from Indian Brahminic thought, which was Pantheism pure and simple, or God dwelling in, nay identified with, the universe, rather than the Universe existing as the contradictory of God; not, lastly, from Semitic thought, for Semitic religions were strangely reticent as to the fate of the soul after death, and saw all practical wisdom in the worship of Baal, or Marduk, or Assur, or Hadad, that they might live long on this earth.

不管他们借来的，这悲观他们不借钱-而不是从希腊认为，这是一个愉快的承认，并表示敬意的美丽和崇高在这个世界上，一个研究无视元素的悲哀；不是来自埃及认为，这不允许其拟定的报复猜测和判断中的地狱，以投下了阴影对本存在，但认为宇宙的创造或进化的主持下智慧的托提；不是来自伊朗的思想，举行了向绝对优势的胡马自达并只允许Ahriman下属份额的创造，而不是对抗或创造，对世界，而不是从印度Brahminic认为，这是泛神论纯粹和简单，或住在上帝，不查明，宇宙，而不是宇宙现有的矛盾上帝；没有，最后，来自犹太人的思想，为犹太人的宗教有奇怪的沉默，以命运的死亡后的灵魂，看到一切实际智慧的崇拜巴力，或马尔杜克，或亚述，或哈达，他们可能长期生活在地球上。

Meditations of evolution increasingly vaster: of the moon invisible in incipient lunation, approaching perigee: of the infinite lattiginous scintillating uncondensed milky way, discernible by daylight by an observer placed at the lower end of a cylindrical vertical shaft 5000 ft deep sunk from the surface towards the centre of the earth: of Sirius 10 lightyears (57,000,000,000,000 miles) distant and in volume 900 times the dimension of our planet: of Arcturus: of the precession of equinoxes: of Orion with belt and sextuple sun theta and nebula in which 100 of our solar systems could be contained: of moribund and of nascent new stars such as Nova in 1901: of our system plunging towards the constellation of Hercules: of the parallax or parallactic drift of socalled fixed stars, in reality evermoving wanderers from immeasurably remote eons to infinitely remote futures in comparison with which the years, threescore and ten, of allotted human life formed a parenthesis of infinitesimal brevity.

347关于宇宙日益扩大进化的冥想：新月期的月亮，即使在近地点也看不见。从地表向地轴挖掘纵深五千英尺的圆筒状垂直轴，一个观察者呆在轴底儿上，就连白昼也辨认得出那漫无止境、网络状、亮光闪闪、非凝结性的银河。天狼距地球十光年（五七、000、000、000、000英里）；体积大于地球九百倍；大角；岁差运动；有着&猎户&腰带、六倍于太阳的&伐二&以及星云的猎户座，星云中能容纳我们的一百个太阳系；死去的和新生的星宿，例如一九0 一年的那颗&新星&我们的太阳系正朝着武仙座冲去；所谓恒星的视差或视差移动，也就是说，实际上恒星是在不断地从无限遥远的太古朝无限遥远的未来移动着。相形之下，人的寿命充其量才七十年，不过是无限短暂的一段插曲而已。

If our moral sense, like our sexual desire, is indeed rooted deep in our Darwinian past, predating religion, we should expect that research on the human mind would reveal some moral universals, crossing geographical and cultural barriers, and also, crucially, religious barriers.

如果我们的道德感，就如同我们的性欲一样，真的根植于我们进化的过去，而居于宗教之前，我们就应该期望人类思想的研究会揭示一些普遍的道德，穿越地域与文化的樊篱，而且，至关重要的是，宗教的樊篱。

The discovery of lances, test of the existence of an organized system of hunting, and of the division of the work, suggested it human intelligence had evolved of spectacular form and that the hominids ones were able to communicate among them of effective form.

发现的长矛，测试的存在，一个有组织的系统的狩猎，和该司的工作，建议，人类的智慧已经进化的壮观的形式，而原始人类的沟通，能够它们之间的有效形式。

The message of Hauser's book, to anticipate it in his own words, is this:'Driving our moral judgments is a universal moral grammar, a faculty of the mind that evolved over millions of years to include a set of principles for building a range of possible moral systems.

Hauser 的书要传递这样的信息，如果用他自己的话说，就是：'操纵我们的道德判断是一个通用的道德语法，经过百万年来进化的思维能力包括一套建立起可能的道德系统范围的原则。

Such a mode of thinking and value goes against the basic regularity that defines human beings as human beings. Human beings are first of all a cultural species, and then they can be regarded as a moral species existing and evolving on earth. It is the humanistic view proposed by the school of ecological ethics that goes for non-anthropocentrism by fully considering the relationship ...

人类在地球上是作为一个文化的物种进而作为一个道德的物种存在和发展的，超越人类中心主义，正是非人类中心主义的生态伦理在充分考虑了人与自然的关系以及人作为人的本质规定性之后所给出的一种人道主义的观点，同时，对人类中心主义的超越也是人类的道德进化的一个内在的本质要求。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。