进化的

First of all, the evolutionary game model of this system is built, according to a population and determinately dynamic function in evolutionary game theory, and quilibrium structure and effect factors of the evolutionary system are analyzed. Next, the evolution quilibrium characteristics of investor behaviors in China's securities market are researched as a demonstration, and the reasons why noise traders become popular in the process of investor behavior evolution are explained, based on its evolutionary mechanism. Moreover, the influences of investor behavior evolution on share market's fluctuation are researched through setting up its noise trade model. When noise traders are dominant in securities market, price discovery function and resource configuration effect are also analyzed. Finally, when noise trade become popular, the shortage of some policies, such as, enlarging institution investor and short sale is explained, and some good suggestions are provided according to former research results.

首先，应用进化博弈论中的单群体确定性模仿者动态方程建立证券投资者行为的进化博弈模型，并对进化系统的均衡结构特征及其影响因素进行分析；其次，根据我国证券市场实际，对我国证券投资者行为进化的均衡结构进行实证分析，并从投资者行为进化的角度，解释我国证券投资者行为进化为噪声交易主导市场的原因；然后，通过建立股市波动的噪声交易模型，研究投资者行为的进化对股市波动的影响，并进一步分析我国噪声交易主导市场时对市场价格发现和资源配置功能的影响；最后，根据理论及实证的研究成果，分析噪声交易主导市场时大力发展机构投资者等制度作用的有限性，并进一步提出我国证券市场相机治理的政策建议。

In history and reality, the contradiction between needs and limited resource always exists. From the view point of system-science, it can be concluded that:①The interaction among need-contradiction-ability is the perpetual force for enterprise evolution (and the evolution of other living systems). The improvement of "ability"is the process and result of evolution.②The competition and coordination among systems is the direct power for enterprise evolution. Competition produces various system actions. Coordination makes systems complement their functions with each other. The interactions of competition and coordination push enterprise into the flow of evolution and optimization.③The"stochastic fluctuation"of the system, which is accidental finding, is another force for enterprise evolution. It is a deterministic element in the process of the self-organization of enterprise.

在历史和现实中，需要和满足需要资源稀缺之间的"问题"是恒久存在的，从系统科学的角度可以演绎出：①需要一问题一能力三种异质要素的相互作用是企业进化（其它一切有生命系统进化）的永恒动力，"能力"的提高正是进化的过程和结果；②各系统间的竞争与协同是企业进化的直接动力，竞争产生多样化的系统行为，协同则使各系统间优势互补，竞争与协同交互作用推动企业呈现出进化与优化的趋势：③系统的"随机涨落力"即意料之外的发现与创新是推动企业进化的又一种动力，它是企业自组织过程中带有必然性的力量：④在解决"问题"中创新者的作用不可低估，但更为根本地说创新者只是"需要一问题一能力"这三种要素相互作用的载体，个体的创新是企业自组织过程的必然结果。

The third is the evolution of knowledge: Because of the limit of human's cognition, knowledge in a person's brain keeps on evoluting. So the knowledge in an intelligent system which simulates cognition should also evolute. The evolution of knowledge in the CM includes the evolution of background knowledge and problem solving knowledge.

最后是系统知识进化的思想：因为人的认识能力的局限性，人的知识一直处于不断的进化过程中；体现知识模拟的知识库系统也应当是进化的；CM方法论中的进化过程包括背景知识进化和面向问题求解知识对象的进化，为此，CM方法论中定义了关于知识对象及其背景知识的一系列操作。

During human being evolution, the biological evolution and the cultural evolution are influenced each other, while the cultural evolution is in the position of predomination.

在人类进化的整个过程中，生物进化和文化进化是相互影响的，其中文化进化占支配地位。

To take advantage of the chaotic mapping, a repetition prepotency evolution algorithm with a population initialized by chaotic numbers is developed in which the chaotic mapping is an uncommon seeding-machine to produce different initial'chromosome'populations never appeared before for PE algorithm. The combination of chaotic mapping and PE makes PECA be able to probe lots of optima rapidly and effectively owing to the quick convergence speed of PE and relatively high population diversity guaranteed by chaotic mapping.

结合混沌来初始化优势进化算法的群体成员，还设计了基于混沌初始化群体成员的循环优势进化方法，该方法在混沌保证每次优势进化绝对不同的初始群体成员的情况下，不仅具有了优势进化的快速收敛优点而且有混沌映射保证群体成员的高度多样性，从而可以快速探测很多局部最优点，大大提高了找到全局最优点的机会，用它训练神经网络预测四卤化物振动频率研究充分体现了该策略的优越性。

The first stage of evolution was thus the evolution of a matrix of self-generating complexity, which gave evolution a population of persistent things to work on.

因此，进化的第一阶段是自生复杂性的基体进化，它为进化提供了源源不断的进化任务。

YE Zhong-xing, ZENG JinDept. of Applied Math., Shanghai Jiaotong Univ., Shanghai 200030, ChinaAbstract: Genetic algorithm, evolutio nary programming and evolution strategies are all based on the idea of natural e volution. Those algorithms are differentiated by the way of getting new generat ion. But the new one is related with the last generation only.

摘 要：遗传算法、进化规划和进化策略这三类进化算法都是基于对自然进化的模拟，其区别在于产生下一代群体的规则不同，但下一代群体的产生又都是仅依赖于其父代，因而进化算法的运行过程可以视为一个Markov过程，其状态转移矩阵可以表示成一个统一的形式。

This whole research constitutes two independent projects, that is "Estimating divergence times among subfamilies in Nymphalidae" and "Fine- and landscape-scale spatial genetic structure of cushion rockjasmine, Androsace tapete, across southern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau", which discussed respectively the application of molecular evolutionary analysis in two aspects of evolutionary biology.

分子进化分析就是利用分子数据来研究进化问题。地球上呈现的生物多样性则是突变和自然选择的产物，是生物进化的结果。生物进化的过程包含有两个面：基因的长期进化和遗传多样性，也就是通常意义上的大进化和小进化。该项目就是以两个不同的实验——即&蛱蝶科各亚科间分歧时间的估计&和&青藏高原垫状点地梅的空间遗传结构分析&——分别探讨了分子进化分析在大小进化两个方面的应用。

There is no doubt that the pathways described by Behe are dauntingly complex, and their evolution will be hard to unravel. Unlike anatomical structures, the evolution of which can be traced with fossils, biochemical evolution must be reconstructed from highly evolved living organisms, and we may forever be unable to envisage the first proto-pathways. It is not valid, however, to assume that, because one man cannot imagine such pathways, they could not have existed.

Behe 描述的路径无疑是复杂得惊人，而且我们很难弄清楚其进化过，从化石中可以推测解剖学结构的进化过程，但生化进化却不同，必须从高度进化的生物入手，我们可能永远也找不到进化过程中最早的原始路径（proto-pathways ），然而也不可因为某人想像不出这样的路径，而假设他们不曾存在。

Combining with co-evolution mechanism, we renewedly defined the several aspect of the co-evolutionary agent, such as the belief, action, communication, decision maker, and so on. We made the co-evolutionary agent model and actual world model become a uniform closed loop system, and established the symbol deduction theory model of multi-agent system based on co-evolution mechanism.

结合协进化机制，从符号演绎逻辑的角度重新定义了协进化智能体的信念、动作、通信、决策器等各个方面，将协进化智能体模型与实际世界模型形成一个统一的闭环系统，并建立了基于协进化的多智能体系统的符号演绎理论模型。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。