进化枝的

Enemion is the most primitive genus in this subfamily, from Enemion, other genera were derived through two different parallel phylogenetic sequences. Isopyrum is the typical genus of one evolution branch, while Aquilegia is another one.

假扁果草属是本亚科最原始类群，由该属沿两条不同的进化路线平行演化，一分枝以扁果草属为代表，一分枝以Aquilegia属为代表。

Tricholoma may be a paraphyletic genus two. The collections identified as T. caligatum is a mixture. Some parts of them from France are members of T. matsutake, the other parts from North America are closed to T. bakamatsutake and T. fulvocastaneum. Tricholoma robustum and T. focale form a clade which is obviously a sister group of the stirp Subannulate. The stirp Caligata was defined as a group mainly on the basis of the predominant veil. But from the result of molecular systematic analysis, the presence of veil is not a stable character in the matsutake group. Species having symbiosis with conifers and broad leaf tree are all transformed from those whose host specificity is not strict. The phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences resembled the tree of NJ algorithm based on cladistic coding. In the phylogenetic tree based on morphylogical characters, T. zangii and T. bakamatsutake form a clade, but it is the result of convergent evolution as suggested by molecular analyses. The distribution area of the matsutake group can be divided into six regions: middle and northern Europe region, Mediterranean region, Hengduan Mount.— Southeastern Tibet region, Northeastern China—Japan—Far-east Russia region, the Atlantic—North America region and the Rocky Mountain region. The abundance center of the matsutake group are Hengduan Mount.—Southeastern Tibet region and the Rocky Mountain region. Hengduan Mount.

松口蘑群的分子系统学研究得出的结果有：由于粗壮口蘑和羽衣口蘑明显和亚环族(Tricholoma，section subannulate)的种类是来自同一个谱系，和其它松口蘑群的种不具有最近共同祖先，因此松口蘑群是一个多系群；松口蘑群和口蘑属其他种类的亲缘关系比和蜜环菌属更接近；梭柄松苞菇和松口蘑群的差距明显小于油黄口蘑(T.flavovirens)和棕灰口蘑；口蘑属是一个多系群；鉴定为欧洲口蘑的标本明显不是一个单系群，其中一部分是松口蘑，另一部分和黄褐口蘑及傻松口蘑(T.bakamatsutake)比较接近；划分松口蘑群的标准是菌环的存在，但从分子系统学的结果来看，菌环的存在与否并非是一个很稳定的性状；和针叶树专性共生及和阔叶树专性共生均由寄主专化性不强的种类转化而来；在形态学系统发育树上青冈口蘑和傻松口蘑被聚为一个分枝，分子系统学的研究结果表明，这是趋同进化的结果；用支序方法编码作出的NJ树的结果更接近ITS序列的结果。

Arbuscular mycorrhiza is a product of the adaptive coevolution with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the long-term life process, and is a kind of beneficial symbiont of plants. It can promote the resistance ability of plants to poor surroundings, and accelerate plant growth. The seedlings of wild jujube were used as materials in this research.

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza，AM)是植物在长期的生存过程中，与丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi，AMF)一起共同进化的结果，是一种有益共生体，它的存在有利于提高植物抵御不良环境的能力，促进植物生长。

On the base of study on arbuscular endomycorrhiza of Alnus of Changbai Mountain and nitrogen-fixing woods of Northeast of China, the paper attempted to reveal the DNA molecular polymorphism of the symbiotic arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi for the effect that make better use of the fungi resource.

本项研究利用分子生物学技术和研究方法对中国吉林长白山地区非豆科固氮植物以及东北地区固氮树木的丛枝菌根真菌DNA分子多态性及其与宿主植物之间的相互关系等进行初步研究，旨在利用分子生态学理论和研究方法揭示丛枝菌根真菌多样性及其与宿主植物之间相互适应和协同进化的一般规律，为更好地保护和利用这一重要的微生物资源提供理论依据。

Lastly, based on analysis on phylogentic relationships among 39 ciliates combined with their main morphologic characters, some conclusion were drawn: 1 the monophyly of the peritrichs was strongly supported, and its subclass rank in the class Oligohymenophorea is reasonable; 2 the genus Epistylis might not be monophyletic, and the peristomial area, especially the peristomial lip, might be an important phylogenetic character within the genus Epistylis; 3 the taxonomic rank of the genus Carchesium and the genus Campanella were suggested to be adjusted; 4 Opisthonecta probably diverged from peritrichs with stalks; 5 the phylogenetic tree of peritrichs was reconstructed based on the molecular information inferred from SSrRNA gene sequences and the morphology.

测定了6科8属13种缘毛类纤毛虫的SSrDNA序列，将构建的最大简约树和邻接树与形态学相结合，分析得出：1）缘毛类纤毛虫是单系的，其分类地位是隶属于纤毛门寡膜纲缘毛亚纲：2）指出累枝虫属可能不是单系的，口围区是累枝虫属中重要的系统发育特征；3）建议调整独缩虫和聚钟虫属的分类地位；4）得出后游虫可能是由有柄缘毛类进化而来的类群；5）基于缘毛类反口区结构和SSrRNA基因序列提供的信息重建了缘毛类纤毛虫的系统发育树。

And the complete cDNA sequence of GSTR was 1002bp in length, containing a coding region of 678bp (encoding 225 amino acids). Results of the phylogenetic analysis revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of the orange-spotted grouper was very similar to the GSTA of other fishes, such as common carp and zebrafish. The GSTR existed only in fish, but not in any other aquatic animals or land mammals (e.g. rat, mouse and human).

构建系统进化树发现，斜带石斑鱼与鲤鱼、斑马鱼GSTA氨基酸同源性较高，而GSTR为鱼类所特有并共同占据进化树上独立的分枝，与大鼠、小鼠、人等哺乳动物GST现有所有类型同源性均较低。

Starting from a pen, a piece of paper and a typewriter, audience will witness the process of production of a comic work and the ten-year evolution of a great comic artist.

从一张画纸、一枝笔、一台打字机开始，展示漫画的制作过程，让观众透视一篇漫画的诞生，见证一位漫画家的十年进化。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。