进化枝的

Evolution is regarded as a branching process, whereby populations are altered over time and may speciate into separate branches, hybridize together, or terminate by extinction.

进化被视为一个分枝过程；随着时间的推移，种群发生改变，种群也可能进化成为分枝，也可能相互杂交或灭绝终止。

Such evolutionary trends are repeatedly seen in a variety of trilobite orders, and two examples are shown below. In both cases, these are Devonian trilobites that started with ancestors bearing large, functional eyes. In one sequence, eyes of a Phacopid clade were lost, and facial sutures associated with eyes were also reduced and marginalized.

如同进化的过程常常重复在不同的三叶虫系统中，有两个例子列举如下：在两个方面，泥盆纪三叶虫继承了祖先复杂的眼睛，在一个次序上，眼睛在Phacopid的进化枝上丢失，面部缝合线趋向紧密所以眼睛变得小和受到排斥。

The species grouped into two mtDNA lineages (MP,ML,ME 100%):(1) Cygnus atratusjiranta, Chloephaga picta, Alopochen aegyptiacus, Cereopsis novaehollandiae and Coscoroba coscoroba,(2) Anser.

中国鸿雁家鹅形成一单源进化枝，豁眼鹅与其他家鹅品种形成两个分枝，MP、ML和ME分析的BP值均为100%。

Sequence analysis showed that the size of 16S rRNA gene was in 1235 bp, and lacking several regions which regarded as eukaryotic sequence, was more similar with prokaryotes than eukaryotes in sequence structural feature; it could be implied that the microsporidia had split from ancient eukaryotes very early in time on the phylogenetic tree.

序列分析表明，16SrRNA基因大小为1235bp，缺乏多个被认为是真核生物序列的区域，序列结构特征更多地类似于原核生物的，在进化上，推测微孢子虫在很早以前与原始真核生物产生分歧；分子进化分析发现，同属的微孢子虫可以处于系统进化树不同的分枝。

Combined with additional sequences of 20 bivalves and 6 gastropods downloaded from NCBI (National Center of Biological Institution), molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed using 4 Polyplacophora species as outgroup. The result resolved by maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood and Bayes-induce methods were in congruent with each other, which indicated that all bivalves formed a monophyletic group clustering with its sister-group, Gastropod.

结果显示：所有双壳纲的种类构成了单系发生的进化枝，与其姐妹群腹足纲聚在一起；双壳纲可以分为异齿亚纲和翼形亚纲两大类群，异齿亚纲是单系发生，翼形亚纲的系统发生关系则随方法的不同有所区别，牡蛎科的位置是造成此差异的主要因素。

With increasing altitude,pollen numberdecreased and length of stylar ramification increased gradually.Increased stylarramification of plants of Saussurea with increasing altitude has importantadaptive significance of evolutionary ecology.It ensured sexsual reproductivesuccess,provided a foundation of hereditary variation and increased specificdiversity.In addition,asexsual reproduction of most species of Saussurea assuredindividual quantity.

根据我们调查，生活在青藏高原东缘的多数风毛菊属植物都具有无性繁殖方式，它保证了风毛菊属植物物种的个体数量，而花柱分枝的变长保证了风毛菊属植物的有性繁殖成功，为风毛菊属植物在该地区的进化提供了遗传变异的基础，增加了风毛菊属植物的物种多样性，使得风毛菊属植物的多数物种都成为该地区的常见种，也可能是青藏高原地区是风毛菊属植物的现代分布中心的原因之一。19。

A branching, treelike diagram in which the endpoints of the branches represent specific species of organisms.

进化分枝图一种分叉的树状图，其分枝的终点代表生物的特定品种。

Methods All H5A1 sequence in NCBI genhank and influenza se- quence database were downloaded and aligned, then fast maximizing likelihood method was applied to construct phylogenetic tree, and SRDT model was used to estimate evolution rate and ancestral date for tree branches.

方法下载NCBI Genbank和美国洛斯阿莫斯国家实验室流感病毒数据库中全部的甲型流感病毒H5A1序列，采用快速极大似然法绘制进化树，并用SRDT模型估计各分枝的进化速度与出现时间。

With the help of latest developed bioinformatics tools, all available Influenza H5A1 strains were explored to deeply under stand their evolution tendency. Methods All H5A1 sequence in NCBI genbank and influenza sequence database were downloaded and aligned, then fast maximizing likelihood method was applied to construct phylogenetic tree, and SRDT model was used to estimate evolution rate and ancestral date for tree branches.

下载NCBI Genbank和美国洛斯阿莫斯国家实验室流感病毒数据库中全部的甲型流感病毒H5A1序列，采用快速极大似然法绘制进化树，并用SRDT模型估计各分枝的进化速度与出现时间。

Alternatively,有性生殖 may allow for the ' ratcheting ' of evolutionary speed as one clade competes with another for a limited resource .

或者，有性生殖可能象'棘轮'那样控制了进化发展的速度，因为一个进化枝会和另一个竞争有限的资源。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。