进化枝

Enemion is the most primitive genus in this subfamily, from Enemion, other genera were derived through two different parallel phylogenetic sequences. Isopyrum is the typical genus of one evolution branch, while Aquilegia is another one.

假扁果草属是本亚科最原始类群，由该属沿两条不同的进化路线平行演化，一分枝以扁果草属为代表，一分枝以Aquilegia属为代表。

Evolution is regarded as a branching process, whereby populations are altered over time and may speciate into separate branches, hybridize together, or terminate by extinction.

进化被视为一个分枝过程；随着时间的推移，种群发生改变，种群也可能进化成为分枝，也可能相互杂交或灭绝终止。

Arbuscular mycorrhiza is a product of the adaptive coevolution with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the long-term life process, and is a kind of beneficial symbiont of plants. It can promote the resistance ability of plants to poor surroundings, and accelerate plant growth. The seedlings of wild jujube were used as materials in this research.

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza，AM)是植物在长期的生存过程中，与丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi，AMF)一起共同进化的结果，是一种有益共生体，它的存在有利于提高植物抵御不良环境的能力，促进植物生长。

Such evolutionary trends are repeatedly seen in a variety of trilobite orders, and two examples are shown below. In both cases, these are Devonian trilobites that started with ancestors bearing large, functional eyes. In one sequence, eyes of a Phacopid clade were lost, and facial sutures associated with eyes were also reduced and marginalized.

如同进化的过程常常重复在不同的三叶虫系统中，有两个例子列举如下：在两个方面，泥盆纪三叶虫继承了祖先复杂的眼睛，在一个次序上，眼睛在Phacopid的进化枝上丢失，面部缝合线趋向紧密所以眼睛变得小和受到排斥。

On the base of study on arbuscular endomycorrhiza of Alnus of Changbai Mountain and nitrogen-fixing woods of Northeast of China, the paper attempted to reveal the DNA molecular polymorphism of the symbiotic arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi for the effect that make better use of the fungi resource.

本项研究利用分子生物学技术和研究方法对中国吉林长白山地区非豆科固氮植物以及东北地区固氮树木的丛枝菌根真菌DNA分子多态性及其与宿主植物之间的相互关系等进行初步研究，旨在利用分子生态学理论和研究方法揭示丛枝菌根真菌多样性及其与宿主植物之间相互适应和协同进化的一般规律，为更好地保护和利用这一重要的微生物资源提供理论依据。

The species grouped into two mtDNA lineages (MP,ML,ME 100%):(1) Cygnus atratusjiranta, Chloephaga picta, Alopochen aegyptiacus, Cereopsis novaehollandiae and Coscoroba coscoroba,(2) Anser.

中国鸿雁家鹅形成一单源进化枝，豁眼鹅与其他家鹅品种形成两个分枝，MP、ML和ME分析的BP值均为100%。

Lastly, based on analysis on phylogentic relationships among 39 ciliates combined with their main morphologic characters, some conclusion were drawn: 1 the monophyly of the peritrichs was strongly supported, and its subclass rank in the class Oligohymenophorea is reasonable; 2 the genus Epistylis might not be monophyletic, and the peristomial area, especially the peristomial lip, might be an important phylogenetic character within the genus Epistylis; 3 the taxonomic rank of the genus Carchesium and the genus Campanella were suggested to be adjusted; 4 Opisthonecta probably diverged from peritrichs with stalks; 5 the phylogenetic tree of peritrichs was reconstructed based on the molecular information inferred from SSrRNA gene sequences and the morphology.

测定了6科8属13种缘毛类纤毛虫的SSrDNA序列，将构建的最大简约树和邻接树与形态学相结合，分析得出：1）缘毛类纤毛虫是单系的，其分类地位是隶属于纤毛门寡膜纲缘毛亚纲：2）指出累枝虫属可能不是单系的，口围区是累枝虫属中重要的系统发育特征；3）建议调整独缩虫和聚钟虫属的分类地位；4）得出后游虫可能是由有柄缘毛类进化而来的类群；5）基于缘毛类反口区结构和SSrRNA基因序列提供的信息重建了缘毛类纤毛虫的系统发育树。

Sequence analysis showed that the size of 16S rRNA gene was in 1235 bp, and lacking several regions which regarded as eukaryotic sequence, was more similar with prokaryotes than eukaryotes in sequence structural feature; it could be implied that the microsporidia had split from ancient eukaryotes very early in time on the phylogenetic tree.

序列分析表明，16SrRNA基因大小为1235bp，缺乏多个被认为是真核生物序列的区域，序列结构特征更多地类似于原核生物的，在进化上，推测微孢子虫在很早以前与原始真核生物产生分歧；分子进化分析发现，同属的微孢子虫可以处于系统进化树不同的分枝。

Combined with additional sequences of 20 bivalves and 6 gastropods downloaded from NCBI (National Center of Biological Institution), molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed using 4 Polyplacophora species as outgroup. The result resolved by maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood and Bayes-induce methods were in congruent with each other, which indicated that all bivalves formed a monophyletic group clustering with its sister-group, Gastropod.

结果显示：所有双壳纲的种类构成了单系发生的进化枝，与其姐妹群腹足纲聚在一起；双壳纲可以分为异齿亚纲和翼形亚纲两大类群，异齿亚纲是单系发生，翼形亚纲的系统发生关系则随方法的不同有所区别，牡蛎科的位置是造成此差异的主要因素。

Alternatively,有性生殖 may allow for the ' ratcheting ' of evolutionary speed as one clade competes with another for a limited resource .

或者，有性生殖可能象'棘轮'那样控制了进化发展的速度，因为一个进化枝会和另一个竞争有限的资源。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐