近似公式

According to Rayleigh-Jeans law,the emission of the object is directly linear to its absolute temperature.As the frequency of object increases,Rayleigh-Jeans Law deviates from Planck's Blackbody Radiation Law,and the radiation of object received should be calculated according to Planck's Blackbody Radiation Law.

由 Rayleigh-Jeans公式计算的物体的辐射功率与其物理温度成线性关系，但是随着物体频率的升高，Rayleigh-Jeans公式与Planck定律的近似误差越来越大，此时应根据Planck定律计算物体的辐射功率。

This section presents two kinds of characteristic schemes, one is the natural use of the usual backward Euler characteristic difference scheme ( [60] ) onto the triangular mesh, the other replaces the backward Euler's method by modified Euler formula to approximate the characteristic differential equation, so that the discretization for characteristic curve can get up to second order accuracy.

本节给出了两种三角形网格上的特征差分格式，第一种是通常的向后Euler型特征差分格式（[60]）在三角形网格上的自然运用，第二种采用§3.3、§3.4的离散思想，使用改进的Euler公式代替向后Euler公式来近似特征微分方程，使其对特征线的离散达到了二阶精度。

The reliable of FCT was calculated respectively by using narrowcasting formula and approximation calculus formula.

利用独立的失效概率为q的Bernoulli试验序列、概率公式和递增凸函数的性质推导出了钻井油气层测试器的可靠度的近似计算公式。

Based on the analysis of mechanism for joint region, the "frame-wall" and "aslope compression stub column" mechanical models and yielding patterns of core zone of the joints are set up. The shear load-carrying formulation for joint core zone is also given in terms of plastic ultimate analysis. And then, the comparisons between the formulas given in this paper and that of Chinese Design Code and nonlinear FEM as well are presented.

对节点核心区的抗剪，通过受力机理的分析，建立了钢"框架剪力墙"加混凝土斜压短受力体系及其屈服机制，根据塑性极限分析，给出了节点核心区抗剪承载力计算的迭加公式，《规程》公式和非线性有限元近似模拟分析结果进行了比较。

In order to testify the reliability of the approximate approach, the calculated value of volumetrically averaged energy dissipation rate based on the approximate approach are compared with the calculated results from an analytical equation derived on the thermodynamic laws and using the universally accepted equations for the friction factor.

为了检验能量耗散率近似算法的可靠性，将按近似算法计算得到的管内湍流体均能量耗散率与按热力学方法导出的解析式并采用公认的摩擦因子公式计算的体均能量耗散率进行了对比。

Basic quantities in stellar photographic photometry (in particular, colour index and "effective wavelength") are formulated according to the assumptions that: 1 stellar radiation may be represented by some black body equivalent and 2 within the limits of a single photometric "receiver", intensity-wavelength relationship of the radiation may be taken as linear.

本文对着当前的发展，综述了照相方法在恒星光度学中的地位。接着用两个简单的假设，即星体幅射的黑体近似和累积亮度范围中的直线近似，把恒星光度学中的基本定义(如有效波长、等光波长和色指数等)和主要问题(如空间红化，亮度效应等)表以公式。

Basic quantities in stellar photographic photometry (in particular, colour index and "effective wavelength") are formulated according to the assumptions that: 1 stellar radiation may be represented by some black body equivalent and 2 within the limits of a single photometric "receiver", intensity-wavelength relationship of the radiation may be taken as linear.

本文對着當前的發展，綜述了照相方法在恆星光度学中的地位。接着用兩個簡單的假设，即星体幅射的黑體近似和累積亮度範圍中的直线近似，把恆星光度学中的基本定義(如有效波長、等光波長和色指数等)和主要问题(如空間红化，亮度效应等)表以公式。

The caustics phenomena of electromagnetic wave propagation in concave reflector, the singularities of caustics, and the method of

40174032的一部分，得到如下结果：论文分析了利用Maslov方法求解非均匀介质中波动方程高频近似解的基本原理和求解过程，构造了介质系数只在一个方向变化时波动方程高频近似解的通用计算公式。

For the application of Mathematica in the differential geometry,this paper introduces how to processe the curve curvature and the torsion questions,the graphic expression of the curvature and the torsions,and draw curves by the curvature and the torsions. Curvature ; torsion ; solution curve ; osculating plane ; natural parameter ; natural equation

利用Mathematica，只要输入有关系统命令就可以得到期望的结果。1曲率和挠率及其图形意义假设R3上的曲线一般参数表示为r=r它的曲率和挠率计算公式是：κ=‖r′×r&‖‖r′‖3τ=‖r′×r‖我们知道，空间曲线r=r在一点(s=s0)邻近的近似方程为ξ=sη=120κs2ζ=160κ0τs3通过近似方程可以确定曲线在其基本三棱形的三个平面(即密切平面，法平面，从切平面)上的投

In this paper, firstly, the theory and the discretization schemes of LBIE and the concepts of MLS and GMLS are introduced; secondly, LBIE method is applied to solve the thin plate-bending problems and four typical examples are given to demonstrate the applicability and validity of the method. The results obtained from numerical examples agree well with the exact solutions and have an excellent rate of convergence.

本文首先介绍了无网格局部边界积分方程方法的理论基础和离散步骤，以及移动最小二乘近似法和广义移动最小二乘近似法等概念；其次将该方法初步应用于计算薄板的弯曲问题，建立了完整的积分公式，求解了四个典型算例，结果同精确解非常接近，且收敛快。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。