近代

The research literature on stock market in modern China can be summarized in five aspects: the research on enterprises and industries, the research on exchange intermediaries, the research on the market system, the research on stock market quotation, the research on the causes, development and evolution of modern stock market.

对近代中国股票市场研究的文献可以归纳为五个方面：对企业和行业的研究；对交易中介的研究；对市场制度的研究；对交易行情的研究；对近代股票市场产生原因、发展演变规律的研究。

The systemization of Chinese geology represents the general mode of modern science and technology transplanted into China.

中国地质科学体制化代表着近代科技移植于中国的一般模式，中国地质科学留学生构成了近代中国地质科学体制化的主体。

Japanese modern writer Akudagawa Ryunosuke is called "The symbol of Taisho Period", his death is considered to be the end of Japan\'s modern literature.

日本近代作家芥川龙之介被称作"大正文学的象征"，他生命的完结被认为是日本近代文学的终结。

However, with the beginning of modern society, the coastal advantages of Yantai emerged slowly, and it transferred to a modern commercial town from an ancient fishing village thanks to its foreign trade, which was one reason why later be selected by foreign invaders as the first treaty port.

但是随着近代社会的开始，烟台濒海的优势慢慢凸显出来，烟台对外贸易的发展使其由一个古代小渔村逐渐向近代工商业市镇转变，这为后来外国侵略者选中烟台作为山东首个通商口岸打下了基础。

After the geographical great discovery,"globalization"process begins, the modern country is established and a lot of countries in the world set up capitalist system. Capitalist economy makes the contact of the countries more frequent. The signing of "contract of Westphalia"in 1648 mark the beginning of modern diplomacy.

地理大发现之后，"全球化"进程开始，近代国家成立，世界上许多国家都建立起了资本主义制度，资本主义经济使国与国之间的接触更加频繁，1648 年《威斯特伐利亚条约》的签订，标志着近代外交的开始。

In borrowing materials on the problematic of Asianism from modern history of Japan, the author wishes to sort out common question for intellectuals in Asia; for instance, when we think of the Asia question, are we only responding to the question raised by the intellectuals in the West?

本文虽然借助於日本近代以来的部分资料討论近代亚细亚主义的问题，但笔者意在从中提炼和思考亚洲知识分子共有的问题，这就是，当我们思考亚洲问题的时候，我们是否仅仅在回应西方知识分子的问题？

With the rapid social development in China, the traditional charites have transited to a new type.

进入近代以后，随着中国社会的急剧变化，传统慈善事业开始了近代转型。

The introduction first briefly reviews Western Europe\'s universal order of "recht" in middle ages: As independent political units, the city, the manor, the church parish, the ligeance and so on were set in a rank order, the relations between each rank were established in legal form, empire represented the highest rank, and simultaneously played an arbitrator\'s role, was the arbitrator of political units subordinated to the emperor. All of these ranks were placed in natural order created by God, thus, the Christianity religious doctrine had provided the final validity for the universal legal orders; then the symbiotic of the political evolution and the legal transformation will be discussed. Western jurisprudence resided in the Church during the middle Ages, after entering into modern era, resorted to the state."State" instead of "empire" became the basic concept of modem law, and new order of "recht" was bound to make legitimate argumentation for the nation; finally, the background and sketches of this article is explained. It will trace and analyze intrinsic evolution of the idea of legal order in the background of concrete politics--especially the geopolitics, inspects how the different nation-states split up from universal Christianly world and obtain their independence, inspecting differences of respective national path, the fit or unfit quality and the success or failure in this process.

导论首先简要回顾西欧中世纪大一统的法权秩序：作为独立政治单元的各城市、庄园、教区、领地等被镶嵌在一个等级秩序中，各个等级之间以法律的形式来确立相互之间的关系，帝国代表最高等级，同时扮演仲裁人的角色，是臣属其下的各个政治单元之间的仲裁者，而帝国等级又被安置在上帝创造的自然秩序中，因而，是基督教教义为大一统的法权秩序提供了最终的合法性；接着指出西欧政治演变与法权变革的共生性：西方法学在中世纪寄身于教会之中，进入近代以后则投靠了国家，&国家&代替&帝国&，成为近代法学构造的基本概念，新的法权秩序必然围绕民族国家展开；最后说明本文的论述方式和基本思路：本文将在具体的政治——特别是地缘政治——的背景中，追踪和解析法权观念的内在演变，由此进一步****不同民族国家内、异质的法权秩序如何从过去大一统的世界中分化剥离并获得独立，并试图检讨这一过程中不同民族道路的差异、优劣和得失。

In neoteric history, under the impact of Occident culture, intelligentsia accepted to new thing and deserted old thing .traditional feudal intelligentsia group approached to contabescence, adversely, newly occurring intelligentsia group of which Zhang is one gradually developed.

近代，在西方文化的冲击下，知识分子开始弃旧趋新，传统的封建文士群体走向衰亡，新兴的近代知识分子群体则逐渐成长，张謇是这个群体其中的一员。

The article described the morphological features of Shanzuizi crania in some details and discussed the problems concerned with the racial relationship between the Shanzuizi crania and other modern and ancient crania of Asiatic Mongoloids.

在若干古代和近代对比组中，山嘴子辽代契丹族的体质特征分别与汉代鲜卑族和近代蒙古族最为接近。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。