近代

Lian Qichao was not only the thinker and the politician of the bourgeois reformism in modern China, but also the founder of the modern historical science of China.

梁启超不仅是中国近代资产阶级改良主义的思想家和政治家，而且也是中国近代历史学的创始人。

After the intermediate stage in the Medieval Europe, the deed theories of Hebrew culture was not only enormously promoted the economic development , with contracting freedom inherited from the ancient Rome culture, Moreover, it had expedited the people sovereignty theories. After the combination of the neoteric commodity economy with the theories of Christianity\'s original sin, belief doctrine, and the wealth view, which gave birth to the supreme status of constitution, and the conception of equality, freedom, and so on. Christianity\'s wealth view (especially the Protestantism ethics) enormously promoted the capitalism expansion and finally forms the conception that private property are sacrosanctity. The ideology of successive authority restriction from Christianity, and the Christianity\'s exercise to partial legislative power and jurisdiction power, combined with autonomous cities based on commodity economy, and the political phenomenon that merchants exerted legislative power and jurisdiction power. Those had made the mundane ruler such as king, and so on, could only take the exertion of tax revenue power as the main symbol administrative authorities. It provided historical and psychological foundation for the birth of modern decentralization theories .

希伯来文化中的"约"和古罗马的契约自由不仅极大地促进中世纪中期以后欧洲商品经济的发展，而且催生了人民主权理念；基督教的"原罪说"、信仰主义和财富观等与近代商品经济的结合，生成了宪法至上及平等、自由等权利观念；基督教的财富观极大地促进了资本主义扩大再生产的实现并最终形成私有财产神圣不可侵犯的财产权观念；基督教会传承的权力制约思想及基督教会对部分立法权和司法权的行使，与建立在商品经济基础上的自治城市及商人行使立法权、司法权等政治现象相耦合，使得国王等世俗的统治者习惯于只行使以税收权为主要标志的行政权，为近代分权学说的产生和分权制度的建立提供了历史和心理的基础。

After the intermediate stage in the Medieval Europe, the deed theories of Hebrew culture was not only enormously promoted the economic development , with contracting freedom inherited from the ancient Rome culture, Moreover, it had expedited the people sovereignty theories. After the combination of the neoteric commodity economy with the theories of Christianity"s original sin, belief doctrine, and the wealth view, which gave birth to the supreme status of constitution, and the conception of equality, freedom, and so on. Christianity"s wealth view (especially the Protestantism ethics) enormously promoted the capitalism expansion and finally forms the conception that private property are sacrosanctity. The ideology of successive authority restriction from Christianity, and the Christianitys exercise to partial legislative power and jurisdiction power, combined with autonomous cities based on commodity economy, and the political phenomenon that merchants exerted legislative power and jurisdiction power. Those had made the mundane ruler such as king, and so on, could only take the exertion of tax revenue power as the main symbol administrative authorities. It provided historical and psychological foundation for the birth of modern decentralization theories .

希伯来文化中的"约"和古罗马的契约自由不仅极大地促进中世纪中期以后欧洲商品经济的发展，而且催生了人民主权理念；基督教的"原罪说"、信仰主义和财富观等与近代商品经济的结合，生成了宪法至上及平等、自由等权利观念；基督教的财富观极大地促进了资本主义扩大再生产的实现并最终形成私有财产神圣不可侵犯的财产权观念；基督教会传承的权力制约思想及基督教会对部分立法权和司法权的行使，与建立在商品经济基础上的自治城市及商人行使立法权、司法权等政治现象相耦合，使得国王等世俗的统治者习惯于只行使以税收权为主要标志的行政权，为近代分权学说的产生和分权制度的建立提供了历史和心理的基础。

The area of Nantong in Jiangsu Province is a fluvial plain by Yangtze River. To the north of the mouth of river to the sea is a beach plain, which was once the boundless ocean in history, through the development of history, form the wide seabeach finally. The two plains, which are in the different location, have the different ways to utilize the soil. The Yangtze Fluvial Plain, whose soil is fertile, grew to be the well-known area of producing cotton, with people outnumbering the farmland, while the beach plain became a famous salt field. With the development of the coastline, Huainan saltern declined day by day and at the beginning of 20th century, under the advocate of local government and the call of modern industrialist, Mr. Zhang Jian, the salt field in the North of Jiangsu province underwent a great reclaim-plain movement, which brought a tide of spontaneous immigration to the area. During the movement, the key problem is the contest for the ground. As the ownership of the land of salt fields is complex, the unification of the ownerhship of land was not easy. Zhang creatively took advantage of the form of modern joint-stock company to solve the problem.

江苏省长江口北岸现南通地区为长江冲积平原，沿江口向北为海岸淤涨地区，历史上这里曾是汪洋大海，经过多年历史演变，终于形成广阔的海滩，两个不同的淤涨地区，对土地的利用截然不同，沿江地区土地肥沃，逐渐成为著名的棉产地，人多地少；沿海则成为我国历史上著名的两淮盐产地，随着海岸线的演变，淮南盐场日益没落，20世纪初，在政府的提倡和近代实业家张謇的发动号召下，苏北盐垦地区发起了一场波澜壮阔的垦殖运动，与此相适应的则是一场自发的移民大潮，在这两大潮流中，最核心的是对地权的争夺，由于两淮盐场地权复杂，统一地权实属不易，张謇等人创造性地运用近代股份公司的形式解决了这一难题。

Be in however of latter-day west culture intervene fall with the influence, literary bound is opposite the country gradually literature has traditional latter-day state think over and self-communion, begin to ask with the west modern science system has the research of scientific system to Japanese literature for the standard.

然而在近代西方文化的介入和影响下，国文学界逐渐对传统的近代国文学进行反思和自省，开始要求以西方现代学问体系为规范来对日本文学进行科学系统的探究。

After the year 1861, it became an epitome of semicolonial, semi-feudal society for Modern History of China because of its special location in our country.

尤其是1861年开埠以后，近代特殊的历史原因和地理位置，使得天津地区的历史演变和社会性质构成了近代中国半殖民地、半封建社会的一个缩影。

The Opium War broughtChina the following results: Firstly, it made China lose its national sovereign and territorial integrity and turn itfrom an independent country to a semicolonial country.

鸦片战争的结果：一是使中国丧失国家主权和领土完整，由一个主权国家开始成为一个半殖民地国家；二是大量泛滥的鸦片烟掠走了中国巨额财富，毒害和降低了中国的国民素质，阻碍了近代中国历史的发展；三是破坏了农业和手工业结合的小生产经济结构，打破了中国经济发展的滞缓状态，刺激和促进了中国资本主义近代工业的发生和发展；四是惊醒了中国人，先进的中国人开始了漫长的学习西方资本主义的过程，最后才找到马克思主义，并使之与中国社会实际结合起来，走上国家独立和社会主义道路。

The establishment of Zhejiang Sericulture School was a milestone in the history of modern agricultural education in China.

可见，它不愧为我国近代最早的一所农业职业学校，是我国近代农业教育的起点。

Although the traditional single proprietorship and jointly-run operation is the main stream, the company system has-developed ahead of time in the field of newspaper. These newspaper companies have played the critical roles in modern China and pointed out the developmental direction of modern newspaper.

传统的业主制和合伙制占据主流，但公司制在一些报业中超前发展，这些报业公司在近代中国举足轻重，引领着近代中国报业的发展方向。

The history of the development of modern-times newspaper rules from later Qing Dynasty is in accordance with the general developmental pattern of enterprise rules. It has transformed from single proprietorship to jointly-run operation and to company operation, from the management of domestic workshop to the scientific management in modern times, from a single newspaper enterprises to a group of newspaper enterprises, during which every stage has its distinguished feature.

回顾晚清以来近代报业制度演变发展的历史，与企业制度的一般发展规律相符合，走上了一条从业主制、合伙制到公司制，从传统手工作坊式管理到近代科学化管理，从一单位企业到报团的历程，每个历史阶段都有其显著特征。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。