近代

That is, the existence and abolition of the likin system was a difficult choice under China"s specific circumstance that it was modem China"s dependent sovereignty (especially sovereignty on custom), insufficient finance, domestic trouble and foreign invasion, the strong pressure with modernization and local vested interest groups strong oppositions.

可以说，在近代中国主权不独立、财政支绌、内忧外患、面对现代化的强大压力和地方既得利益集团的极力阻挠的特定的时空环境下，厘金制度的存废，是近代中国历届政权的二难选择。

The major repair techniques are described in detail. The tactics of repair techniques should be based on the objective conditions and protective value standards.

本文较为详尽的阐述了近代历史建筑主要的修复技术，修复技术策略的选择应根据近代历史建筑存在的客观条件和保护的价值标准。

Mathematization of nature in modern times is a founding movement of modern metaphysics.

近代自然数学化运动是近代形而上学的奠基化运动。

Firstly, facing up the serious national crisis, the deficiency of governmental efficiency of ching dynasty made monarchy lose the legitimacy. Secondly, the poverty of the thoughts of absolute monarchic powers and the rise of nationalism offered the advantage for the spreading of republicanism. Thirdly, there were contradictions and defects in the thoughts of reformist, which weakened the ideas of monarchy and made for the establishment of republicanism. Finally, in the evolution of political thoughts history from 1840, the thought of revolution replaced the notion of reformism and dominated the ideology. The establishment of republicanism was an inevitable result of the transformation.

共和思想在中国的确立，首先是晚清政局、政治统治有效性缺失，导致传统专制政体的载体——君主制失去合法性基础的结果；其次，中国古代君主制度下绝对君权理论的匮乏和近代民族主义的兴起，为清末民初共和思想的肇兴提供了便利；再次，立宪派关于君主立宪的理论存在着极大的缺陷和矛盾，削弱了这一主张的效力，反而起到了为共和思想张目的作用；最后，从近代以来中国政治思想史的演变来看，革命观念取代改良思潮成为思想界的主流话语，共和思想的确立正是这一转变的必然结果。

The flaw of ancient science of China limits its further development, the dialectical logic and practicability of ideas impedes the birth of mordent science in China, and the difference of manner of thought and of the view of value is one of the reasons of the gap.

古代科学技术的缺陷制约了中国近代科技的发展，科学思想和科学精神的辩证性与实用性影响了近代科技在中国的产生，思维方式和科学价值观的差异是中西科技形成差距的原因之一。

In China, neoteric economy ever tried three times to realize industrialization.

在解决近代市场经济现实问题的过程中，近代会计的发展实现了由簿记时代向会计时代的转变，并取得了一系列新进展。

We study the two aspects achievements of person's training and technology development in order to evaluate the influences of Xiang army on military modernization of neoteric history of China.

通过考察湘军在近代中国军事人才的培养和军事技术的发展两方面的成就，可了解到湘军对于近代中国军事现代化的积极影响。

Retrospection and analysis of the course of the pecuniary penalty being established in modern criminal law is China will enable US to have a novel comprehension of the legal reform principle that is"commonly applied in China and the West",and will be beneficial to have a new understanding of the modern"conflict of rites and law".

回顾和分析罚金刑在中国近代刑法中的确立过程，将使我们在微观层次上对"会通中西"的法律变革原则有新的体悟，并有利于对近代"礼法之争"的再认识。

In the first half of the 20th century and under the background of the violent change of the modern China"s society, Ting Wen-chiang, based on a physical scientist"s stand, thought and logic, pondered on the problem of the modern Chinas social reform and made great efforts on it.

20世纪上半叶，在近代中国社会剧烈变幻的历史背景下，丁文江以一个自然科学家的立场、思维和逻辑，对近代中国社会改造问题进行了深入的思考，付出了艰辛的努力。

Shidao mostly Ban Yuexing, double shoot-hole, the shape of modern production of compact and sophisticated study by the North Valley Qia iron knives; Shi Si is a tool to dig soil, shape, as some of the willow pattern, and some may wish shoe-shaped, pointed a majority of the Department of After traces of the use of polished, its role in the modern equivalent of iron Plowshare.

石刀大多为半月形，双笋穿孔，制作小巧精致形似近代北方习用的铁制掐谷刀；石耜是一各掘土工具，形状有的象柳叶，有的似鞋底形，尖部大多有使用后磨光的痕迹，其作用相当于近代的铁犁铧。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。