近代

As an important part of the Chinese modern architectural history, Kaiping Diaolou blends both Chinese and western traditional architecture characters under the special local condition such as history and culture. They are the outcomes of the western architechure influents upon Guangdong modern architecture . Thus, they have been generally recognized as the evidence of the history development of overseas Chinese.

作为中国近代建筑史的重要组成部分，开平碉楼是在当地特定的历史、文化、社会、地理环境等条件下，融合中西建筑特征的特有的建筑形式，是近代西方建筑通过民间传播渠道，对广东侨乡地区产生影响的产物，是近代侨乡发展历史的见证。

The third part make the enlightenment as the angle of view, on the foundation that comb out the mercantilism ideasbasic connotation and put the mercantilism ideas into the background of society transformation, we can found the great enlightenment affect of the mercantilist ideas on economic values, machine building, industrial economy thinking and the theory of the international trade.

第三部分以启蒙意义为主线，在对早期维新派重商思想基本内涵进行梳理的基础上，把它放到传统农业社会向近代工业社会转型这一历史大背景中，突显其在中国近代经济价值观念(义利观、本末观、财富观)、机器生产思想、近代产业思想以及国际贸易理论形成过程中的重要启蒙作用。

Chapter VI is 'The analysis of Motion of Modern Natural Law', I think it is related to scientificrevolution, crisis of ecclesiastic, rise of kingship and the appearance of civil society ,whichprovide it with new means , standpoint and sample.

这部分主要认为，近代自然法的产生同科学革命、教会危机、王权兴起和市民社会的出现等因素相关，它们或者为近代自然法带来了立场和方法的变革，或者提供了历史和现实的"样板"或"样本"，或者丰富了近代自然法的内容，等等。

On one side the Li housing is the material carrier of transition in residential culture continued traditional habilitation pattern and modality, on the other side it presented the commercial and urbanization characters of modern residential culture by inrush of exotic advantage culture.

本文通过对各地近代里式住宅的形成、发展、类型分布的总结归纳，试图初步建立较为完整的近代里式住宅类型框架，并对若干影响近代里式住宅发展的因素作了专题分析。

First of all, the paper concerned the early-stage indraught and general situation of modern biology in China and the contribution the returned students did for the Chinese modern biology\'s spread, which includes clearing the concept of biology science, establishing the basement and aim, promoting the spread of Darwinism and Mendelism in China.

首先，本文介绍了近代生物学在中国的最初引进与移植的概况及留学生对近代生物学理论在近代中国传播的贡献，包括明确生物学的概念，确立生物学发展的基础和目标，推动达尔文进化论和孟德尔遗传理论在中国的传播等。

Modern political ideas of China can not come from the natural transformation that based on traditional politic...

近代政治观念，就中国而言，不是传统政治观念在近代社会发展基础上的自然转型，而是主要藉助对西方近代政治观念的了解、认同与移植逐渐生长起来。

The author in this paper tries to explore the derivative of the idea of American law and its particularity : the idea of modern American property law has been evolving based on the mechanistic-atomism ideological Paradigm which was brought about by the criticism of scientific revolution of 17th century towards organicism in ancient and middle ages , which emphasizes the ascendancy of individual interest .

在近代科学革命和文化思想模式变革的大背景下，考察近代美国财产法理念的衍生及其特质：近代美国财产法理念是建立在17世纪科学革命对古代和中世纪有机论的批判中产生的机械－原子论主导思想模式基础上的，因而强调个人利益的支配地位。

The author in this paper tries to explore the derivative of the idea of American law and its particularity:the idea of modem American property law has been evolving based on the mechanistic—atomism ideological Paradigm which was brought about by the criticism of scientific revolution of 17th century towards organicism in ancient and middle ages,which emphasizes the ascendancy of individual interest.

在近代科学革命和文化思想模式变革的大背景下，考察近代美国财产法理念的衍生及其特质：近代美国财产法理念是建立在17世纪科学革命对古代和中世纪有机论的批判中产生的机械一原子论主导思想模式基础上的，因而强调个人利益的支配地位。

In the first part, the opinions and ideas from some main figures concerning the North-western regions in modern history; In the second part, the process of three vital stages(Yang-Wu Movement, the "New Deal" in the last period of Qing Dynasty, Anti-Japanese War) are studied, and the characteristics of each stage are generalized falling into four categories, such as: military、feudal、comprador and nation-monopoly etc; In the third part, four reasons of the low efficiency of the industrial and mineral exploration are explored, they are the dominant role natural economy, the low level of productive forces, the science and technology, lack of capital accumulation and investment, lack of systematic policies and support from the government, In a word, as Mao Tsetung said:"It"s impossible to get rich, develop industry, strengthen national defence in semi-colonel and semi-feudal China.

全文共分四部分，第一部分论述了近代一些主要的阶级关注西北的言论和思想；第二部分对西北近代工矿业开发的三个最重要的阶段，即洋务运动时期、清末"新政"时期、抗日战争时期的开发过程做了梳理，并对每一个阶段的特点做了初步地概括，大致可以归纳为军事性、封建性、买办性以及国家垄断性等；第三部分对西北近代工矿业开发成效不高的原因做了论述，主要有四点：第一，小农业与家庭手工业紧密结合的自然经济占统治地位；第二，生产力水平低下，科学技术落后；第三，缺乏资金的积累和投入；第四，缺乏政府系统的政策支持和保障。

The behavior of Hunanese in the modern Chinese historical stage reflected a kind of widely known spirit of modern Hunanese, that is, patriotism concerning about his country and his people, sacrificing spirit of advance wave upon wave, realistic spirit of benefiting the nation and practice, firm spirit of being persistent and unyielding and struggling spirit of emphasis on his own effort.

近代湖南人在中国近代历史舞台上的表现，体现了一种广为国人传颂的近代湖南人的精神，即：忧国忧民的爱国精神，前赴后继的牺牲精神，经世致用的求是精神，坚忍不拔的执着精神和自强不息的奋斗精神。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。