近代

Wuchang did not form relatively independent industry and commerce all along in the Qing dynasty , in. traditional society it clinged tightly to the bureaucrat regime, commerce trade gived first place to the articles of luxury that the bureaucrat nobleman consumed; before modern times it was deeply affected by politics factor. The level of industry and commerce development at the modern times had great relation with the political support, so economic growth had fought the notable politics brand.

清代武昌一直没有形成相对独立的工商业，在传统社会紧紧依附官僚政权，商业贸易以官僚贵族消费的奢侈品为主，在近代转型时期也深受政治因素影响，近代工商业发展的水平与政治支持的强弱紧密相关，因此其经济发展打上显著的政治烙印。

The Buddhist philosophy of being passive,retiring from the world,and reaching the state of nirvana was explained by Tan Sitong and some others as complete subjective idealism,a mental power that distains the dark social reality with indomitable fighting spirit and disregarding one s official position and material gain.

佛教在中国近代的发展中，逐渐发生了转变，谭嗣同等将消极、避世、涅的佛教哲学阐释成彻底的主观唯心主义的、蔑视黑暗现实、奋不顾身、不计功利、&勇猛精进&和&大无畏&的富有战斗性的思想力量，对近代中国社会变革产生了很大的影响。

The article tried to help historians resolve the controversial problems: character of the cases (litigation against the foreign church in late Ching Dynasty) by completly analyzing reasons why the feduel esquires and bureaucracy took part in protesting Christianism(litigation against the foreign church in late Ching Dynasty), forms that they took and position which they held.

本文试图通过对封建士绅和官吏参加反洋教斗争的原因、形式以及所处的地位作一综合剖析，将有助于解决目前中国近代史学界所争论的焦点问题：近代教案的性质问题。

Through illustrating the cause, content, characteristic and influence of Ko-chih hui-pien, the first scientific and technological periodical in china, which is set up by John Fryer, Chapter four show especially John Fryers open and enlighten function in science for modern china.

第三章根据多种原始文献考察傅兰雅在江南制造局翻译馆——中国近代洋务运动时期最大的科技著作翻译机构——初创和发展中的重要作用，并对傅兰雅本人的主要译著在近代中国科技发展中的作用和地位予以评价。

By applying the methods of national musicology, this work analyzes and dissects the birth, development, prosperity and tatus quo of "Cantonese Music" from the visions of history, sociology and folklore.

本文从历史学、社会学、民俗学等视角，运用民族音乐学的方法，分析、解剖&广东音乐&的产生、发展、繁荣状况，挖掘&广东音乐&作为近代民间乐种所独具的文化性格和艺术精神，进而，从中窥视近代沿海音乐文化的形成、发展、兴盛的脉络和嬗变轨迹，从而获得规律性的认识。

In regard to the infrastructure of library science, Doo proposers that library is an active organizaton for education and public affairs with characteristics such as openness, equal fo all classes, etc. Library includes three elements: staff, books and methods and the staff is the most important one.

在图书馆学基础理论方面，关于图书馆之性质、特征，杜定友认为，近代图书馆是一教育化、社会化之&活机关&，其特点在于公共与开放，没有阶级性；近代图书馆事业有三要素，即&人、书、法&，人是居第一位的。

The paper analyses two paradoxes of Japanese culture in the aspects of historical facts and scientific principle of theory: why had Japanese culture, which shared the same origin with its Chinese counterpart in pro-modern times, gotten a different result in modern era?

本文试图从史实和学理两个方面分析日本文化的两个悖论：在近代以前与中国文化同文同种的日本文化，为何在近代以后结出了异花异果？

Because of the traditional Chinese tea's great changes from prosperity to decline , the reforming and rejuvenating of Chinese tea'happened , which consisted of establishing tea companies ,studying modern tea science and skill, making and planting tea in new way, and promoted traditional tea to become modernization.

我国传统的大宗出口农产品茶叶，在清末经历了剧烈的盛衰变化，通过组织茶叶公司、讲求近代茶学、推广新法制茶、改良栽培技术等，掀起了一场茶业改良和振兴运动，促进了我国传统茶业向近代茶业的转变。

At the location of Tianjin Residence, there used to be the North Warlords School, the cradle of Chinese modern high education a century ago, where people like Ma Yanchu, Xu Zhimo, etc. are turned out. For such a place with historical content, cultural foundation and public values, my design is in the form of telling stories. In the negotiation area and at the elevator entrance of the sample house where salesmen give introductions, memories are depicted and brought back with lamps in the simple molding of birds cage, straight-lined wooden screen and oil-painting of the Tianjin streets in the past.

天津公馆土地前身为百年前的中国近代高等教育发源地&北洋大学堂&，曾培育出马寅初、徐志摩等一大批中国近代如此集历史内涵、人文底蕴、城市公共价值于一身的土地，所以我在这故事性的延伸是设计为洽谈区和看样板间的电梯口，在这里参观者可以聆听销售员的介绍，所以在灯光的设计用简单的鸟笼造型和直线条的木屏风加上老天津街头油画渲染出一幕幕的回忆！

The wide discussion on "Cultural-natural Relationship" in modern China influenced the research direction of Chinese scholars in geo-science and improved the development of some branches of geo-science which had a close relationship with human life.

近代对于&地理与文化&关系的广泛讨论，不但使地学中人地关系的理论探讨更加深入，而且更为重要的是，它影响了中国近代地学的研究内容和发展方向。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。