近代

The study concludes that increasing silk exports from the 1840s to 1929 had a great effect on the expansion of Chinese sericultural production.

本文为教育部人文社会科学&关于中国近代农村经济的再讨论：近代国际贸易扩张对中国农村经济的影响&的项目成果，项目批准号：06JA790058

E. legality and actuality——in the educational legislative system in modern China in order to present its establishment and actual operative process stereoscopically and completely. And through some typical case analyses of the educational legislation in the central and local authorities at different stages, the dissertation offers a more thorough understanding on the operating mechanism of the whole educational legislative system.

即在深入考察分析近半个世纪不同阶段教育立法整体概况的基础上，从中央到地方的教育立法主体的构成、立法权限的划分、立法程序的设置等几个方面入手，紧紧围绕中国近代教育立法制度&可然&与&应然&、即法定与事实两个基本环节，将中国近代教育立法制度的建立和实际运转过程的全貌立体地展示出来，并通过对不同阶段的几部典型的中央和地方教育立法个案之具体分析，从而更加全面地把握整个教育立法制度的运作机制。

In theevolving history of the individualization of punishment thought,Theindividualization of punishment avouched by the Jindai school have largeinfluence.

在刑罚个别化思想的发展史上，近代学派所主张的刑罚个别化影响非常大，但是近代学派所主张的刑罚个别化已进化为现代刑法中的个别化。

In the early modern times and with the establishment of trading ports along the coastal and bonier areas, northwest China gradually had more deals with the international and domestic markets, and the commercialization of the products of animal husbandry and the export-oriented marketing made unprecedented progress, which greatly improved the backwardness of northwest China and became an important part of China's export-oriented economy in the early modern times.

进入近代以后，随着沿海、沿边口岸的对外开放，这一地区逐步与更加广阔的国内和国际市场接轨，畜牧业产品商品化、市场化和外向化程度，有了空前迅速的提高，从而大大改变了这一地区的相对封闭落后状态，成为中国近代外向型经济的重要组成部分。

As part of the study of social administration of Nanjing in the Republic of China, the thesis consists of 7 chapters: Chapter one explains the basic concepts of social administration and the development of modernization of Nanjing before 1927. It stresses the importance of social administration in city development through the depiction of social characteristics and problems of Nanjing. Chapter 2 introduced the theory of social administration of the Republic of China, under which the municipal institutions are structured. It focuses on the social theory of Sun Yat-sen and correlative comments of Jiang Kai-shi, which reflect the theoretic level and subjective intention of social reform of the Republic of China. Chapter 3 discusses the local autonomy of Nanjing of the Republic of China. The origin of democratic local autonomy theory and its influence over social administration are expatriated. The advantages and disadvantages of local autonomy are analyzed in detail. Chapter 4 focuses its discussion upon social rescue work, an important part of social administration, with general description of social rescue work in Nanjing and concludes the characteristics of social rescue work in the transition from the traditional to the modern society. Focusing on the prominent problem of the large flows and inflation of population of Nanjing, chapter 5 discusses the population and population management of Nanjing and outlines the population situation through analysis of the population problem, management methods and the current situation. Chapter 6 describes the unprecedentedly active citizen organizations and parties. The transform and changes of these organizations occurring under the new circumstances and their functions in social administration are analyzed to reveal the interactive function between government and social organizations in social administration. Chapter 7, the epilogue, makes theoretic evaluation of the characteristics of social administration and its revelation to the current society of Nanjing, hoping this research serves as a reference to the current time.

本文是民国南京社会管理研究的一个部分，由七个章节组成：第一章介绍了社会管理的基本概念和1927年以前南京社会近代化的变迁过程，通过对南京社会特点和社会问题的描述，阐明了社会管理在城市发展中的重要作用；第二章介绍了民国社会管理思想的基本内容和在此指导下的南京市政府有关机构的设置，着重阐述了孙中山的社会管理思想和蒋介石的有关论述，反映了国民政府的社会管理的认识水平及其实行社会改造的主观意图；第三章专题讨论了民国南京地方自治，对具有近代民主意义的地方自治思想的由来及其社会管理意义进行了阐述，具体分析了南京推行地方自治的利弊得失；第四章将社会救济事业作为社会管理的一项重要内容进行了讨论，描述了南京社会救济事业的基本概况并对从传统向近代过渡社会救济事业的若干特点进行了总结；第五章针对南京城市人口的大量流动和急剧膨胀这一突出的社会问题，集中讨论了南京的人口与人口管理，通过对南京人口问题、管理手段以及人口状况的分析，展示了南京人口构成的基本面貌；第六章描述了南京空前活跃的市民组织和社会团体，着意反映这些社会组织在新的条件下的转型和变化，分析其在社会管理中所发挥的作用，企望由此揭示政府与社会组织在社会管理中的互动作用；第七章为结语，对南京社会管理的特点及其对现实的启示进行了理论评价，力求本研究更能具有现实借鉴意义。

Although there existed the problem of blind imitation, in a whole, the modrenization of higher education in China was not occidentalized with great efforts of 60 years, there was twists and turns, the modernization of higher education in China was successful to some extend.

它顺应了中国近代社会变革的趋势，起到了推动中国近代社会进步的作用，体现了教育的基本规律和教育改革的一般规律的作用。

The course of Chinese people studying and propagating western science and technology was gradually deepened.

摘 要：近代中国人学习和传播西方近代科学技术的历程是不断深化的。

Around 1900,tenser national crisis made such bourgeoise intellectuals as KangYouwei, LingQichao and YanFu attribute the competition between states and nations to that of national quality.

在猛烈批判国民劣根性的基础上，他们明确提出&新民&的响亮口号，塑造了&德&、&智&、&力&三者具备的近代国民新形象，正式开启了近代国民性改造的漫漫征程。

Tangjiawan modern, in addition to nurturing a large number of outstanding figures, there are records of the modern Anti-British aggression the Chinese people won the first victory in the struggle淇澳Whitehead Street, the ancient fort and the peasant movement to witness the tragic history of the Ancestral Hall and Lo-gate Temple and other relics淇澳revolution.

近代的唐家湾，除了孕育了一大批杰出人物，还有记录近代中国人民取得反侵略抗英斗争第一次胜利的淇澳白石街、古炮台和见证农民运动悲壮历史的上栅卢氏宗祠和淇澳祖庙等革命遗迹。

In China, with of modern Woodcut illustrations gradually disappearing, Germany, The former Soviet Union's art illustrations have deeply impacts on Chinese art illustrations.

在近代中国的艺术插图已经远远落后其他国家和地区，在中国近代木版插图逐渐没落时，德国、前苏联的艺术插图对我国艺术插图影响深刻。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。