近代

First, I will analyse the base , Chinese education on the ancientry time, of t...

首先从近代教育的发起阶层讨论，分析在古代教育基础上的中国近代教育；其次分析西学的涌入，及士大夫提出的"中体西用"这一近代教育的特质；再次，从中西方教学中比较得出中国近代教育的特点，即洋务派的"中体西用"的思想；最后以福建船政学堂为例分析中西教育的优缺点及对中国教育近代化的影响。

Under direction of historical materialism, Chen Du-xiu analyzed the social property according to the invading from the western countries and the variety of the China, and coming to conclusion that the mode of production in China have been changed, China becoming"semi-colony"on the politics, then Chen putting forward the democracy revolution is a modern history topic of the Chinese society, anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism is the basic mission of the democracy revolution.

陈独秀以唯物史观为指导，从西方列强入侵中国和中国社会自身的变化来分析近代中国的社会性质，认为近代中国的生产方式发生变动，政治上成为"半殖民地"，进而提出民主革命是近代中国社会的历史主题，反帝反封建是民主革命的基本任务。

In this particular period in which the Chinese law transformed from traditional to modern type, relying on their legal background and experiences studying in the West, they became the disseminator of legal knowledge, constitutor, interpreter and criticizer of law in the period of the Republic of China, founder of modern legal education and constructor of modern jurisprudential br...

在中国法律由传统向近代转型这一特殊时期，他们以自己的法律知识背景和游学西方的经历，成为近代法律知识的传播者、民国法律的制定者、解释者和批判者，以及近代法律教育的奠基者和近代法学学科的构建者，对中国法制近代化产生了十分深刻的影响。

China as well as commences building her national figure beneath exotic force, much differentiae during this process is exposed between China and Europe ,so probing into the foundation of colony and semi-colony countries and comparing the differentiae between two conformation indeed,plays a instructional role to the development of China .

近代的中国在外来势力的裹挟下也开始了民族国家的塑造进程，这一进程与西欧近代民族国家的形成过程有很多的差异，探究殖民地半殖民地国家近代民族的形成，比较中国与西欧在近代形成民族国家的差异，对我国的现实发展也有重要的指导意义。

Labor market, stock raising, human food nourishment cycle and a lots of other country life in North Chinese were affected by the two peak labor curve in modern historical period.

大田劳动主要发生于田间，积肥是一项很费力的近代，但不完全属于大田近代，积肥近代在家内，施肥近代在农田。

The dissertation gives a omnifarious textual research into Jiujiang"s economy from the all and the one of Jiujiang and the drainage areas of Yangtse River ,synthetically using the methods of history , intercity science , economics , geography and sociology .This dissertation also goes deep into the conventional function and the switchover of its neoteric role,demonstrating the bidirectional nexus between the inland areas of Jiangxi and Yangtse"s entrepot,based on the angle of the center of Jiujiang"s economic noumenon. It probes into the vicissitude from center to verge in the aspect of Jiujiang"s trade. Eventually This dissertation opens out the incompleteness in the course of the neoteric switchover ,based upon the pectination of Jiujiang"s neoteric switchover in the aspects of economic counterchange , urbanoid development and thesocial flux.This dissertation thoroughly delves the typologic significance of Jiujiang"s economic noumenon in the course of the modern switchover of Chinese cities.

全文综合运用历史学、城市学、经济学、社会学等有关理论和方法，将九江与其所处的江西腹地和长江流域作为一个整体进行了多方位的考察，深入探讨了九江社会的传统功能与近代角色的转换；论证了九江以内外贸易为纽带，与江西内腹地区以及长江贸易中心城市之间互补互动的双向关系；剖析了九江从中心到边缘的变换历程；最后，以九江城市为基点，从经济转型、城市发展、城市社会变迁等方面对九江近代社会的转型进行梳理，揭示了九江近代转型不完整性这一基本特征，进而探讨了九江在中国城市近代转型中所具有的类型学意义。

Of value judgment and in the aspect of concrete ethical norms, thoughts of modern nationality transformation embodied the modern transformation from the three cardinal guides and the five constant virtues as specified in the feudal ethical code to the bourgoise morality of independence, freedomand equality,and finally to the socialist code of unity, mutual aid and coorperation, and furnished the concrete standards of conduct.On one hand, on the basis of modern transformation of social tendency of value judgement and moral norm, China modern bourgeois thinkers broke the feudal shackles in people's mind by attacking fierely such backward psychology as back to ancient , conservatism, passivity, nonaction, closing the country

在社会价值取向和道德规范近代转换的基础上，主张国民性改造的近代资产阶级思想家猛烈批判了复古、保守、消极萎缩、无为不争、闭关自守、虚矫伪饰以及被动依附的落后心理，打破了人们心灵的封建枷锁；另一方面，他们又通过多种方式大力弘扬重今、创新、竞争奋进、开放、务实、自主等近代社会心理，把个人主义、社会主义的价值原则和自由、平等、独立的近代道德规范转化为人们的心理自觉，为实现人们行为方式的近代转型打下了扎实的基础。

This article tries to analyze the depth and breadth of Chinese modern national character research in theoretical perspective; The theoretical visual angle it chosen is a kind of cultural comparing research macroscopic threshold;"The Chinese question" globalization goes through the historical perpetual flow; Standing on such dynamic platform, this article reveals multi-dimensionality meanings of cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology, politics and ethnology which the question refers to, and analyzes the thinking course of modern people seeking conscious liberation; It resets the national character question into the space which Chinese modern national politic salvation and culture enlightenment exist in to prove the national character's social value; Furthermore, it opens up and develops the profoundly influencing inertia, which is implicated in the generation's considering, inheriting, criticizing and innovating, thereby it gains some enlightenment of persons modernization through regressively examining.

文章力图对中国近代国民性问题研究的深度与广度进行理论透视，其选择的理论视角是一种文化比较研究的宏观界阈，站在&中国问题&逐步世界化这一贯通绵延历史长河的动态平台上，揭示中国近代国民性问题指涉的文化人类学、社会学、心理学、政治学、民族学的多维意蕴，透视近代国人寻求主体自觉解放的心路历程，将其还置于中国近代民族政治救亡和思想文化启蒙的生存空间中来求证其本寓的社会价值，并拓衍其代际省思、承继、批判以至创新所寓意的深远影响惯性，在逆向审视中获取人的现代化的某些启示。

Peking TungWen College was the earliest modern government school in the late Ching period and the origins of the modern advanced education in China. The thesis tires to analyzes the introduction of western educational system in modern times by discussing the training for Chinese modern diplomats and dialyzes the influence of the new educational system on the modernization process of Chinese society under the effect of western powers The Tsungli Yamen and the feudalistic system.

京师同文馆是晚清时期第一所由官方设立的近代新式学堂，是中国近代高等教育的雏形，本文旨在通过以京师同文馆对中国近代新式外交人才培养为中心的讨论，来分析近代西方新式教育体制的引进，在西方列强、总理衙门以及旧的封建体制影响下，对中国社会的近代化进程所产生的影响。

Firstly he helped to facilitate the formation and practice of the basic Culture spirits. Secondly he noticed to spread ancient records and academic spirits of the culture, Next by the means of the Office of his Commanding General, he brought about a modern cultural talented group with a large scale. At last he richened greatly the academic intension in the fields of philosophy, literature and history. Furthermore he helped to prompt the course of culture turn of Culture and even the whole China culture with strive in the fields of diplomatic sense, industrial technology, educational pattern.

首先他促成了倔强励志、洋务经世、开放兼融等近代湖湘文化基本精神的形成与实践；其次他关注对湖湘学人及典籍的推介；再次他主要以幕府为途径，在其人才观的指导下促成一个规模庞大的近代湖湘文化人才群体；最后在哲学、文史等领域极大丰富了近代湖湘文化学术内涵，并通过在外交观念、工业技术、教育格局等方面的近代化努力来促使湖湘文化乃至整个传统文化进行近代转型。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。