过错方

There are two opinions in academic circles: first, marriage is contract, the claim of compensation for mental damage in divorce is an action of assumpsit's; second, because of marrying, the couple have consortium, the wrongful act on one spouse that violates consortium is tort liability, so the aggrieved party can claim the compensation for mental damage in divorce.

学界对此的观点有二：其一，婚姻是民事契约，离婚损害赔偿请求权是基于当事人违反婚姻契约义务而提起的违约之诉；其二，夫妻因缔结婚姻而相互享有配偶身份权，夫妻一方实施了法定过错行为就是对另一方配偶权的侵犯，因而受害方配偶可以要求精神损害赔偿。

If the third party violates the unfaulty spouse right; it should take joint liability with the faulty spouse. 2. Putting to the proof liability .

第三者侵犯婚姻关系中无过错配偶方的配偶权，应与过错配偶方承担连带责任；2、关于举证责任问题。

Each Party hereby indemnifies the other Party and undertakes to hold harmless and defend the other Party against any and all claims, suits, losses, damages, disbursements (including legal and management costs) arising out of any alleged or actual breach or failure to comply with the terms and conditions hereof including but not limited to any infringement of the other Party's intellectual property or other rights occurring as a result of the offending Party's fault, omission or activities in connection with the Project.

各方谨此表示，因一方被指控违反、实际违反和未遵守本协议条款和条件，包括但不限于由于该方与项目有关的过错、不作为或活动导致对另一方的知识产权或其他权利的侵犯，而引起的任何和所有索赔、诉讼、损害、支出，均由该违约方向另一方做出赔偿，且违约方承诺使另一方免受损害，并为其进行抗辩。

Through the use for reference of the experience of developed country, and linking explicit case, the author analyzes the ratio to Contributory negligence from the two facets of character explain and mathematics explains. We may conclude that the ratio of Contributory negligence is no more then 50% of total liability in compensation responsibilities on mobile vehicles road traffic accident. Namely, whether the victim is in fault or not, the inflictor' liability is no less than 50% of total liability.

在此基础上，通过借鉴发达国家先进立法经验，结合具体案例，从文意解释、数理分析两个方面对过失相抵的比率进行了分析论证，得出结论：在交通事故赔偿责任中过失相抵的比率不得超过50%，即无论机动车一方是否有过错，在受害方对损害的发生有过错因此而减轻机动车一方的责任时，减轻的程度不得超过全部损失的50%。

The insiders consist of traditional insiders, constructive insiders, tippers, tippees and misappropriators. The inside information must be unpublished and sensitive to securities' prices. The formulas of counting the damages are proposed. The doctrine of liability fixation should adopt the principle of constructive wrongs. The securities law should directly construct the causality, which relieves the average investors' burdens of proof in order to protect their benefit.

本文提出应将内幕交易主体区分为传统内幕人、推定内幕人、泄露信息者、接受信息者、盗用消息者等几类，并分别予以阐述；内幕信息则需具有两个最重要的条件——非公开及价格敏感性；在损害事实的确定问题上，提出了计算受害方的损失数额的公式，并指出以内幕交易者的全部非法所得为限进行民事赔偿比较公平合理；鉴于受害者无法确知内幕交易者的主观心理状态，在归责原则上宜采过错推定原则；在因果关系的证明上，从保护受害者的角度出发，应采美国做法，立法直接推定因果关系存在，明确规定受害者有损害求偿权，而毋需承担因果关系的举证责任。

As it is difficult to identify the fault in jurisdiction practice, distribution of the onus probandi is used to urge and encourage the breaching party to provide evidence.

考虑到司法实践中对过错认定的困境，笔者求助于举证责任分配这一工具来促进、激励违约方举证。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。