过渡过程时间

In the beginning stage of the transient process in the system regulating, owing to that the time constant of the integration element is the greatest, the control effect of PID is inconspicuous, the main control action is the fuzzy control the practical control of the system is independent of the mathematical model of the object, a preferable control effect could be achieved for different kinds of systems.

在开始阶段的过渡过程中的制度规范，由于该时间常数的一体化因素是最大的，控制效果的PID是不显眼的，主要的控制作用是模糊控制的实际控制系统独立的数学模型的对象，最好的控制效果可以实现不同类型的系统。

This paper analyze and study the influence of the superimposition in depth based on the previous achievements and combined with the theoretical qualitative analysis and project instances. The main contents as follow:Chapter 1: Indicate the significance and objective of this paper, review the previous achievements of the transient process and superimposition, and then present the study purpose of this paper.Chapter 2: combined with the physic knowledge of the fluctuation and the superimposition, Indicate the physical essences and the influence of the superimposition phenomena that exist in the diversion pipe system, and take one hydraulic turbine owning only one diversion tunnel and two hydraulic turbines sharing one tailrace conduit for instance to study out the numerical calculation superimpose operations.Chapter 3: From the calculation theory of the parameter of the guaranty calculation of regulation of the hydro-turbine, qualitative analyze the influence of the superimposition on them and the superpose time, combined with some project instances, get the numerical value of the influence of the superimposition and the superpose time.Chapter 4: Based on the previous achievements of the calculation and theoretical analysis of the surge-chamber ground swell, analyze the influence of the superimposition on it and the superpose time.

本文在前人研究成果的基础上，结合理论定性分析及工程实例，对波动叠加带来的影响进行深入分析研究，其主要内容如下：第1章，指出本文研究的意义和目的，回顾前人对水电站过渡过程及波动叠加方面的有关研究成果，在此基础上提出本文的研究内容；第2章，结合物理学中有关振动与波动叠加方面的有关知识，阐述水电站引水发电系统中存在的波动现象的实质及其影响，并以两机一洞和一机一洞具有上游调压室或下游调压室的水电站拟定其数值计算叠加工况；第3章，从机组调保参数的理论出发，定性的分析波动叠加对机组调保参数的不利影响及叠加时间，结合几个工程实例，得到波动叠加带来的影响大小及叠加时间；第4章，在前人对调压室涌浪进行计算和理论分析的基础上，分析波动叠加对调压室涌浪的影响及其叠加时间。

In the process of moving from single-sustenance to double- sustenance, the angel of body tends to enlarge; in the process of moving from double-sustenance to single-sustenance, the angle of body tends to decrease; when the right leg is kicking on the ice, the center of gravity is just moved to the upper point of fulcrum, which means the center of gravity is vertical to fulcrum, while the left leg starts to kick on the ice when center of gravity completely surpass fulcrum; right knife touches the front ice of the supporting foot, the left knife touches the interior and front ice; small momentum variation coefficient and good effect of momentum move show the rationality of action and abundance of

单支撑阶段向双支撑阶段过渡过程中，躯干角度有增大趋势；右双支撑阶段向单支撑阶段过渡过程中，躯干角度有下降趋势；右腿蹬冰时重心刚好前移至支点的正上方，即重心与支点相垂直，而左腿则是在重心完全超越支点后一段时间才开始的蹬冰；右刀着冰向支撑脚前方下刀，左刀着冰向内侧前方跨出；动量变异系数小，动量转移效果好，反映了动作结构的合理性和能量利用的充分性；目前世界优秀运动员各环节的动量分配比例较以前均有较大幅度的提高；环节动量变异系数遵循着大环节动量变异系数小、小环节动量变异系数大的原则是较合理的。

Calculating results show that variation of the propellant inlet pressure makes little impact on engine performance parameters, and the engine will transit to a new stable state. The parameter transition curves are smooth. When the engine thrust is adjusted in a small range within a short period, the parameter transition curves are also reposeful. But when the adjusting range becomes large, the parameter transition curves will fluctuate acutely. Thus, when large range adjusting is required, the time of adjusting should be lengthened or the adjusting should be divided into adequate steps.

计算结果表明，当发动机在某一个稳定工况工作时，发动机入口推进剂压强的变化对发动机性能参数的影响不大，发动机的参数都能比较平稳的过渡到一个新的稳定工况；当发动机在短时间内进行小范围的推力调节时，发动机参数的过渡过程的曲线也比较平稳，但是当在短时间内进行大范围推力调节时，参数的过渡过程的曲线振动比较剧烈，因此应当在进行大范围推力调节时，应当对调节时间进行适当延长，或者分级进行推力调节。

A new switching scheme to the gain of variable structure control signals is proposed. The following important open problems in standard VS-MRAC and MRAC are solved by using the scheme: 1 . a prespecified transient and steady-state performance index for tracking error can be achieved without requiring any information about the plant high frequency gain sign when relative degree of modelled part of plant is one, and 2 . it is shown that as long as the performance indexes are guaranteed for the auxiliary errors, each of which in dynamics is a sub-system with relative degree one, the tracing error will converge to a small residual set in a prespecified transient time when relative degree of modelled part of plant is greater than one.

提出了一种控制增益可切换的变结构自适应律，解决了如下变结构模型参考自适应控制（包括基于调参律的模型参考自适应控制）理论研究中长期没有解决的问题：当对象建模部分相对阶为1、高频增益符号未知且存在非线性输入扰动和未建模动态等情况下，系统跟踪误差可满足预先给定的动态和稳态性能指标；当对象建模部分相对阶大于1且存在非线性输入扰动和未建模动态时，可保证系统跟踪误差在预先给定的过渡过程时间内收敛到一个残差集中； 5。

Based on the simulation experiments, it is obvious that spray desuperheater and pressure reducer has many good characteristics such as fast respondence, wide temperature lowering range, short and steady transition process.

通过仿真试验说明，喷水式减温减压器具有响应快、减温幅度大、过渡过程时间短且平稳等优点。

Through defining the concept of transition process time constant for a continuous autonomous dissipative chaotic system, the relationship between transient characteristics of these chaotic systems and corresponding dissipativity is explained theoretically, and then an explicit formula for calculating the transition process time constant is established.

通过确立连续自治耗散混沌系统过渡过程时间常数的概念，从理论上阐明了这类混沌系统的瞬态特性与其相应的耗散度之间的关系，从而建立了计算过渡过程时间常数的显示关系式。

Through image digitalization and digital image frame analysis, the dynamic change of arc state and droplet motion before and after its detachment from wire tip can be quantitively described. The kinematical and kinetical parameters of droplet motion can be solved. The development of the system provides a new way for the study of metal transfer mechanisms and the interaction between droplet transfer and weld pool.

该系统通过对高速摄影图象的数字化处理及时间图象序列分析，可以对熔滴过渡过程中电弧变化的动态过程及熔滴脱落前后的运动过程进行定量分析，并可提取出熔滴运动的各种运动学和动力学参数，为进一步的熔滴过渡机理及熔滴与熔池相互作用的研究提供了新的研究手段。

Simulation shows that, compared with the feedback synchronous scheme, the method enables unsynchronous Henon system to synchronize and the transition time of synchronization of Bragg chaotic system to decrease to 12% of the feedback synchronous scheme.

模拟结果表明，该方法能够实现反馈同步方案不能同步的Henon映射系统，并能使Bragg混沌系统同步过渡过程所占用时间减小到反馈同步过渡过程所花时间的12%。

When the rotating valve changes its direction, the flow area of valve will gradually change to ensure that the transition process has a reasonable time to change. Special structure of The spool can ensure that the flow curve of any change to the two-cylinder has the good convergence, and thereby the shock of exchange is reduced.

转阀在换向过程，其阀口的过流面积能逐渐变化，保证了换向过渡过程有一个合理的换向时间；阀芯的特殊结构，保证任意两缸换向时的流量曲线的良好衔接，从而减少换向冲击。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失