过渡态理论

A new switching scheme to the gain of variable structure control signals is proposed. The following important open problems in standard VS-MRAC and MRAC are solved by using the scheme: 1 . a prespecified transient and steady-state performance index for tracking error can be achieved without requiring any information about the plant high frequency gain sign when relative degree of modelled part of plant is one, and 2 . it is shown that as long as the performance indexes are guaranteed for the auxiliary errors, each of which in dynamics is a sub-system with relative degree one, the tracing error will converge to a small residual set in a prespecified transient time when relative degree of modelled part of plant is greater than one.

提出了一种控制增益可切换的变结构自适应律，解决了如下变结构模型参考自适应控制（包括基于调参律的模型参考自适应控制）理论研究中长期没有解决的问题：当对象建模部分相对阶为1、高频增益符号未知且存在非线性输入扰动和未建模动态等情况下，系统跟踪误差可满足预先给定的动态和稳态性能指标；当对象建模部分相对阶大于1且存在非线性输入扰动和未建模动态时，可保证系统跟踪误差在预先给定的过渡过程时间内收敛到一个残差集中； 5。

All the atomic shells for the examined atoms are shown and the """"""""reasonable"""""""" electron numbers are given. Especially for atomic subshell and shell structure of transition elements are correctly predicated. This theory provides uniform and objective criterion for shell structure of isolated atom, and the intrinsic and theoretical basis for the shell structure given by other methods. This theory provides a kind of new method for describing the atomic shell structure.

该理论可以揭示原子的全部壳层结构，产生基本合理的电子数，尤其是正确的预示了原子的亚壳层结构和过渡元素的壳层结构；依据该理论所确定的原子内禀壳层结构为孤立原子的壳层结构提供了统一的客观标准，为其它方法所确定的壳层结构提供了内在的理论依据；原子内禀壳层结构理论为度量孤立原子中处于束缚态下电子排布的壳层结构，提供了清晰的物理图像，为描述原子的壳层结构提供了一种新方法和新理论。

Through defining the concept of transition process time constant for a continuous autonomous dissipative chaotic system, the relationship between transient characteristics of these chaotic systems and corresponding dissipativity is explained theoretically, and then an explicit formula for calculating the transition process time constant is established.

通过确立连续自治耗散混沌系统过渡过程时间常数的概念，从理论上阐明了这类混沌系统的瞬态特性与其相应的耗散度之间的关系，从而建立了计算过渡过程时间常数的显示关系式。

Phosphorus generation fully originates from reduction reaction of hypophosphorous during EN process.

利用量子化学软件高斯03(G03)分子轨道理论中的从头计算法，计算了次亚磷酸在还原过程中可能的中间产物和过渡态的振动频率和总能量。

In this thesis, firstly, some main models have been checked on their accuracy, and the reliability of MACORS code has been verified by the RELAP5/MOD2 code on five transient conditions for QSNP: loss of flow; loss of offsite power; incontrollable control rod withdrawal; the feed-water temperature increasing and the feed-water lost. The results obtained are very satisfactory. Secondly, MACORS is used to calculate the operating and accident transients for QSNP, and the analysis results are significant to real engineering. And finally for MNRS, MACORS is used to simulate the steady-state natural circulation heat-removed capacity and the transient behaviors from forced circulation to natural circulation. Some important conclusions are obtained by the analysis results.

本论文首先从各方面对核动力系统中最主要的、热工水力特性最复杂的反应堆和蒸汽发生器进行单独验证和理论分析，其次分别利用RELAP5/MOD2程序和MACORS程序对秦山核电站的双环路失流、全厂断电、反应性事故引入、主给水参数变化及丧失主给水五种瞬态工况进行了计算，结果符合很好，从而证明了本程序模型的准确合理性，选择数值方法的有效性和编制程序的正确性；尔后，利用MACORS程序对秦山核电站的多种运行及事故瞬态进行了分析，得出了具有工程价值的结论；对船用核动力装置的稳态自然循环载热能力以及相应参数的特性、强迫循环与自然循环的过渡工况等进行了仿真分析，所得结论对我国核动力船舶的设计，运行以及安全审评具有重要的意义。

A kind of amorphous coating of nickel phosphorus is developed, and applied to the injection well pipe of oil field.

对镍磷非晶态镀层的性能及应用进行了理论和实验研究。研制了镍磷非晶态镀层，应用在油田注水井管上。应用电化学的扩散理论，对电沉积过渡区的形成机理及对镀层结合强度的影响进行了分析

According to the Aufoau build-up principle and the order of filling atomic orbits, the valence electron configuration of ground state atoms of the d-block transition elements seems only to be (n - 1 ) dx-2 us2x here denotes the number of the electron in (n - 1 d and us orbits.

众所周知，元素周期系过渡元素基态原子价电子组态的多样化是已往的原子构造理论无论是从定性还是从定量方面都是迄今难以给出圆满理论解释的原子构造现象之一［1～11］。

In our study, multiple temperature-independent points and accompanying oscillations are observed in the longitudinal resistivity between the low-field insulator and the quantum Hall liquid. The amplitudes of these oscillations can be well described by conventional Shubnikov-de Haas theory, and our experimental results therefore support the existence of an intermediate metallic regime between the low-field insulator and quantum Hall liquid.

在此研究中，我们发现在低场的绝缘态与高场的量子霍耳态之间，纵向电阻率有多个不随温度变化的交点，而此交点所在的位置与其所伴随振荡的振幅可以利用Shubnikov-de Haas 理论解释，因此由我们的实验结果可以看出，在低场绝缘态与高场量子霍耳液体态之间，的确存在一个过渡的金属态。

Ionization Potentials and electron affinities of 103 elements are calculated by density functional theory at local density approximation level and the LDA/AN level with further non- local corrections for exchange and correlation included self- consistently.

应用密度泛函理论的 DFT- LDA、 DFT- LDA/NL和改进的 Slater过渡态方法，把元素的电离能和电子亲合能的计算扩展到周期表的 103种元素。

Aformula which describes the transient process from beginning traveling waveto steadytraveling wave was deduced and the concept of initial traveling wave stagefirst was defined and its duration was given. It leads to a conclusion that reflectionfactor is a time dependent function, and variation range and reflection factor atdifferent stage were presented .Based on unified traveling wave theory andtransmission line model of reflective terminal with energy storage element , powerpolarity of initial traveling wave was analysed with both physical and mathematicalmethod.

通过理论推导得出从初始行波到稳态行波过渡过程的数学公式，统一了不同阶段的故障分量信号；定义了初始行波的概念，并指出了其持续时间的影响因素，针对末端含有储能元件系统，从物理和数学两方面剖析了初始行波的功率极性；通过分析提出反射系数是时变函数，给出了在不同暂态阶段行波反射系数的变化范围。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失