边际贡献

Traditionally, searching for the optimize product mix strategy is used Absorption Costing or Contribution margin approach. But these two methods do not consider the influence of constraints.

传统上，寻求最佳的产品组合策略系利用归纳成本法所计算之毛利率或利用边际贡献法所计算之边际贡献作为决策的基准，但是此两种方法都未考虑限制产出的影响。

This paper discussed a kind of transferable utility game with restricted coalition and gave a solution of this game- marginal contribution value for games with restricted coalition by the means of axiomatization.

讨论了一类有限制结盟的效用可转移对策，利用公理化方法刻画出这类对策的一个解———有限制结盟的边际贡献

Decision rule chain and distance function of decision rule are proposed, by which the order of decision rules are explained. The group scale's effect on decision quality and the marginal contribution of decision-makers are analyzed. It's pointed out that the increase of the scale will enhance the decision quality with the optimal decision rule applied. Otherwise it is likely to weaken the decision quality. It's proved that for homogeneous group with simple majority rule applied the marginal contribution of decision-maker will decrease while the scale increases or the decisional competencies of other decision-makers increase; 3.We study the group decision-making with a leader in it. It's proved that the existence of the leader impairs the decision quality when the group applies the optimal decision rule.

研究了决策者的决策能力不确定情况下的群体决策，给出了最优决策规则，指出其仍然是广义加权多数规则；提出了决策规则链和决策规则距离函数的概念，利用这些概念解释了群体决策规则的序现象；分析了群体规模对决策质量的影响、决策者决策能力的边际贡献，指出当群体应用最优规则时，群体规模的增大会提高决策质量，否则群体规模的增大可能会削弱决策质量；证明了对于应用简单多数规则的同质群体，随着其规模的增大，决策者决策能力对决策质量的边际贡献会减小；随着其他决策者决策能力的提高，决策者决策能力对决策质量的边际贡献也会减小； 3。

Chapter six presents such new concepts as margin utility contribution force, profit-risk exchange rate, state-expectation-variance utility function, long-term expectation-variance utility curve and optimal portfolio expansion curve. The state-expectation-variance analytical method is developed from the expectation-variance analytical method. The changing rate of profit-risk exchange rate to state variable is used to define and distinguish the decreasing, constant and increasing relative risk aversion. A decomposition formula about the margin contribution force of holding wealth to state-expectation-variance utility function is displayed. The decomposition formula demonstrates that the contribution force of investors' holding wealth to their utility is composed of the pure contribution force of holding wealth and the investment contribution force bronght about through investment portfolio.

第六章提出了边际效用贡献力、收益—风险替换率、状态—期望—方差效用函数、长期期望—方差效用曲线、最优证券组合扩展线等新概念；把期望—方差分析方法发展成状态—期望—方差分析方法；用收益—风险替换率对状态变量ω的变化率来定义和区分递减、定常、递增相对风险厌恶；获得了持有财富对状态—期望—方差效用函数的边际贡献力的分解式，该分解公式表明投资者的持有财富对他的效用的贡献力由持有财富本身的纯贡献力和持有财富通过投资证券组合所产生的投资贡献力所组成。

By using the $ 25 intermediate market price to control intracompany transfers, the firm is able to show that a portion of this margin accrues from the efforts of Division A and a portion accrues from the efforts of Division B.

使用25美元的中间市场价来控制部门的转移时，公司能够分别列示出来自于A，B两部门的边际贡献。

They each earn the value of their marginal contribution to the production process.

他们各自赚到了他们对生产过程边际贡献的价值。

Because factor demand reflects the value of the marginal product of that factor, in equilibrium each factor is compensated according to its marginal contribution to

由于要素需求反映了那种要素的边际产值，在均衡时每种要素根据其对物品生产的边际贡献得到报酬。

Because factor demand reflects the value of the marginal product of that factor, in equilibrium each factor is compensated according to its marginal contribution to the production of goods and services.

由于要素需求反映了那种要素的边际产值，在均衡时每种要素根据其对物品生产的边际贡献得到报酬。

If the marginal contribution of different members in an organization is equal to the marginal revenue they receive from the organization, the organization achieves equilibrium.

如果能够使不同成员的边际贡献与他们从组织中得到的边际收益相等，那么组织就实现了均衡。

It comes to the conclusion that in Chinese comprehensive universities, the marginal contribution of the academic power is larger than the administrative power, that is, the expansion of academic power will play a more notable role than the expansion of the administrative power.

上述研究显示出，大学权力结构中行政权力与学术权力相对大小的不同将对大学的组织效率产生不同的影响；当前我国教学科研型大学中，学术权力的边际贡献比行政权力的贡献大，即扩大学术权力的作用要比扩大行政权力的作用大。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。