辣椒素

Capsaicin is one of the most important curatorial raw materials. It is also being used wildly in fields.

辣椒素是重要的医药原料，具有极其广泛的应用，所以从红辣椒中提取辣椒红素和辣椒素具有广泛的应用前景。

To increase the isolation efficiency of capsaicin,the optimum technics of isolation and identification of capsaicin was studied.

为了提高辣椒素的提取效率，对辣椒素提取条件进行了优化研究。

Cayenne Pepper Fruit: These fruit derive their spicy heat, as well as extraordinary anti-inflammatory, analgesic, heart-healthy effects, from very high levels of capsaicinoids, the most common form of which is capsaicin.

辣椒果实：这些水果中获得的辣热，具有非凡的抗炎、镇痛、心脏健康的作用。它含有非常高的辣椒素含量，其中最常见的形式是辣椒素。

In the present study, weclarify the capsaicin concentration dependency for developmentand maintenance of secondary mechanical allodynia and the roleof spinal opioid receptor like1 (ORL1) receptor and N -methyl-d-aspartatereceptor in the development and maintenance of secondary mechanicalallodynia induced by an intradermal capsaicin injection. Capsaicin50 L of 0.03% induced the most intense secondary mechanicalallodynia.

在这个实验中，作者研究皮内注射辣椒素与继发性机械性异常性疼痛的相关性和脊髓阿片受体相关1受体激动剂（ ORL1）和 N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体在皮内注射引起的继发性机械性异常性疼痛的发生和维持中的作用。0.03%的辣椒素50uL 导致最强的异常性疼痛。

The results obtained are as follows:(1) intrarenal artery injection of capsaicin (20, 40, and 60 nmol/kg) increased the renal afferent nerve activity in a dose-dependent manner with unchanged arterial pressure;(2) pretreatment with ruthenium red (40 mmol/kg), a capsaicin receptor antagonist, completely abolished the effect of capsaicin; and (3) pretreatment with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME ( N6-nitro-L-arginine methylester, 0.1 mmol/kg), significantly enhanced the ARNA response to capsaicin.

结果表明：(1)肾动脉内注射辣椒素20、40和60nmol/kg可呈剂量依赖性地兴奋肾传入纤维的活动，而动脉血压不变；(2)静脉内预先应用辣椒素受体阻断剂钌红(40 mmok/kg)，可完全阻断辣椒素对肾传入纤维的兴奋作用。(3)静脉内预先注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-NAME(0.1 mmok/kg)，能延长并增强肾传入神经对辣椒素的反应。

Kinds of hot pepper materials were used for experiment. The correlation amongphysiological and biochemical characteristics, agronomic characters and resistance todisease characters was studied and the genetic relationship of 12 pepper materials wasidentified by using POD isozymes, the content of capsicin was determined by HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography.

本试验以12个辣椒品种或材料为试材，研究了辣椒生理生化特性、农艺性状和抗病性间相关性；应用POD同工酶对12个辣椒材料，进行亲缘关系的鉴定；高效液相色谱法测定辣椒素。

They could be divided into three kinds of species when Genetic distance was0.36, six kinds when 1.9 (5) Chromatography factors of Determination of capsicin by high performance liquidchromatography: The mobile phase was V(CH_3OH): V(H_2O)=75:25 with a flowrate of 1.2ml/min, UV detector set at 280nm, columniation temperature 25℃. Thecapsicin contents of 12 hot peppers were 0.07 to 8.02 mg/g. The hottest wasWild-hill-pepper-1 in Yaan, which contained the highest capsicin. In the next placesof capsicin contents were Wild-hill-pepper-2, To-sky-pepper-2 andTo-sky-pepper-1.The Jiaozhou-long-pepper from Jiaozhou in Shandong provincecontained lowest capsicin.

5高效液相色谱法测定辣椒素的色谱条件：流动相为V甲醇：V水=75：25，流速为1.2ml／min，UV检测器检测波长为280nm，柱温25℃。12份辣椒样品辣椒素含量在0.07～8.02之间，辣椒素含量最高的为来源于四川雅安的野山椒-1，其口感为极辣，其次为野山椒-2、朝天椒-2、朝天椒-1，辣椒素含量最低的为来源于山东胶州的胶州长海椒。

In order to further investigate the relationship of SP and ESCs, we design two level experiments —in vitro and in vivo. In vivo, firstly, We establish the nomal rat full-thickness wounds model, and employ integrin β1 keratin 19(K19)、 keratin 15(K15)、 Brdu as ESCs markers to conform the existence of ESCs in the granulation tissue of Group Capsaicin (rats were subcutaneously injected capsaicin pre-injury to damage sensory neuron and block the secretion of neuropeptides), Group Control, and Group SP (rats were injected SP in the wound postinjury). Secondly, as diabetic skin lacking of SP due to extensive pathological changes of sensory ending, we make a hypothesis:one of the main reason of unhealing wounds on diabetic patients could be insufficient SP which lead to fewer ESCs recruitment around wounds.

在此基础上，为进一步验证P物质促进表皮干细胞向肉芽组织中募集这一重要发现，本研究首先利用β1整合素、K19、K15等干细胞标记物以及干细胞慢周期性的特点，分别在体观察了正常皮肤伤口愈合过程中SP组、辣椒素组采用特异性感觉神经毒性药物辣椒素(capsaicin皮下预注射化学性除去感觉神经从而阻止神经肽分泌、对照组肉芽组织中表皮干细胞分布特点；其次，糖尿病患者皮肤存在周围末梢神经的损伤和神经肽含量的下降，这是否会导致糖尿病皮肤伤口创缘表皮干细胞募集不足，继发伤口难愈？

The results obtained are as follows.(1) Following microinjection of capsaicin (10μmol/L, 50nl) into the AP, MAP, HR and RSNA were significantly increased from l2.34±0.53 kPa,328.52±7.54 bpm and 100±0% to 15.17±0.25kPa (P.001), 354.81±8.54bpm (P.001) and 156.95±7.57%(P.001), respectively.(2) Ruthenium red (RR, 100mmol/L, 0.2ml, iv), a capsaicin receptor antagonist, significantly inhibited these effects of capsaicin.(3) Pretreatment with a NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (500μg/kg, 0.2ml, iv) also reduced these effects of capsaicin.

实验结果如下：(1)最后区内注射辣椒素可引起MAP、HR和RSNA明显增加，分别由12.34±0.53kPa、328.52±7.54bpm和100±0％增至15.17±0.25kPa（P＜0.001）、354.81±8.54bpm(P.001)和156.95±7.57%(P.001)；(2)静脉注射辣椒素受体阻断剂钌红(100mmol/L， 0.2ml)后，辣椒素的上述效应可被明显抑制；(3)预先应用NMDA受体阻断剂MK-801(500μg/kg， 0.2ml， iv)也明显抑制辣椒素的兴奋效应。

The excitatory response to intracarotid injection of capsaicin was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with the vanilloid receptor antagonist ruthenium red (200mmol, 0.1ml), The results indicate that capsaicin may activate the neurons of the brainstem nuclei involved in cardiovascular regulation through vanilloid receptors, but does not exert any effects on PAG and RN.

应用辣椒素受体阻断剂钌红(RR； 200mmol， 0.1 ml)，可明显抑制辣椒素的上述效应。以上结果提示，辣椒素可通过激活辣椒素受体，引起脑干内多个心血管活动相关核团的神经元兴奋，但对PAC和RN无影响。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。