输入误差

The system parameters are determined by optimizing an output-error cost function. To deal with the non-uniqueness of the fully parameterized state-space system, a projected gradient search algorithm is presented by restricting the update of the parameters to the tangent space to the manifold of observationally equivalent state-space systems. The sufficient condition to employ L-M algorithm for optimizing parameters is also introduced. The proposed hierarchical optimization identificationmethod includes two steps: First, the parameter search direction is determined by the proposed adaptive L-M projected gradient approach; Second, the optimum step size is computed according to a line search method.

通过极小化输出误差目标函数获得了系统参数估计；提出了正交梯度搜索方法用于解决系统参数的非唯一性问题，正交梯度搜索的本质是在输入-输出等价类相切平面的正交垂空间更新系统参数；给出了用 L-M 算法进行参数优化的充分条件；提出的系统参数递阶优化辨识方法包括两步：首先用给出的自适应 L-M 算子正交梯度方法确定参数优化方向；其次由一维搜索方法计算最佳步长。

By re-constructing the system, the residual error dynamic characteristics of unknown input and fault signals including unknown disturbances and modelling error are obtained. The energy norm indexes of disturbance and fault signals of residual error are selected separately to reflect the restraint of disturbance and the sensitivity of faults, and the design of fault detection observer is described as an optimization problem.

通过对系统进行重构，获取了包括未知扰动、建模误差等未知输入信号和故障信号的残差动态特性，分别选取残差的扰动信号和故障信号的能量范数指标来体现其对扰动的抑制作用和对故障的灵敏性，并将故障检测观测器的设计描述为一个优化问题。

In order to avoid introducing errors existing in full state observer, for flexible structure with immeasurable states a equivalent system is constructed which only takes the past inputs and outputs of the original system as the states. Multi-step predictive optimal method is required to solve the convergence law of sliding surface.

针对模态不可测的挠性结构，为了避免设计状态观测器以及引入观测器误差，从原系统构造了仅利用过去的输入和输出信息作为状态的等价系统，用多步预测滚动最优的方法求解滑动平面的趋近律。

At the same time, the thesis points out more calculated data and more accurate on fire localization results. It is beneficial to decrease fire localization error by increasing band width of FIR filter to solve the problem of insufficient sampling points at an early stage of fire.

本文还通过仿真结果指出在带通滤波器的基础上，计算点数越多，定位估计就越准确；在火灾前期，输入的采样点数不够多的情况下，适当加宽带通滤波器的频率上限，有助于减小火灾定位误差。

The objective is to design an observer such that estimation error can be completely decoupled from the unknown input.

目标是设计适当的观测器，使得观测误差与作用在系统中的未知输入解耦。

At last, the relations among the error of estimation, the input SNR, and the number of accumulation windows are analyzed.

分析了波形估计误差和输入信噪比、积累窗个数的关系。

The feedback resistance, R1, is dependent on cell sensitivity and should be chosen for either maximum dynamic range or for a desired scale factor. R2 is elective: in the case of photovoltaic cells or of photodiodes, it is not required in the case of photoconductive cells, it should be chosen to minimize bias current error over the operating range.

反馈电阻R1的取值由电池的灵敏度和要求的最大动态范围，或者需要的电流——电压转换比例决定。R2分情况选取：在光电池和光电二极管时不需要这个电阻，在光电导的时候，电阻的阻值应该能使在工作范围内，由OP输入偏置电流所带来的误差最小。

Switching Power Supply with the traditional distinction between :(1) not only the output voltage feedback, feedback from the average input current;(2) Current benchmarks signal voltage error signal and full-wave rectifier voltage signal sampling the product.

与传统开关电源的区别是：不仅反馈输出电压，还反馈输入平均电流；(2)电流环基准信号为电压环误差信号与全波整流电压取样信号之乘积。

In this paper, based on Delta Operator, signal vectors of Hilbert space are constructed, an input-output model is derived, and both the forward and backward prediction error vectors are described.

摘要本文基于δ算子构造了Hilbert空间中的信号向量，推导了系统的输入输出关系，得出了前向和后向预测误差向量的表达式。

Numerical experiments showed that errors in input parameters have not much effect on imaginary part solution.

数值实验表明：在大多数情况下，以上各个输入参数的误差对虚部反演结果的影响比较小。

Finally, according to market conditions and market products this article paper analyzes the trends in the development of camera technology, and designs a color night vision camera.

最后根据市场情况和市面上产品的情况分析了摄像机技术的发展趋势，并设计了一款彩色夜视摄像机。

Only person height weeds and the fierce looks stone idles were there.

只有半人深的荒草和龇牙咧嘴的神像。