辐射的

The solar irradiation and earth background radiation are calculated with a simplified model.

利用辐射理论建立了太阳辐射和地球及其大气反射光辐射的数学模型。

The Universe has no spatial boundary according to the standard Big bang model, but nevertheless may be spatially finite.

它也可以从宇宙微波背景辐射是大爆炸刚发生不久所产生出非常稀薄的辐射而证实。

The methods of theory analyses and digital simulation have been used in this thesis and several schemes of strapdown guidance law based on analyzing the performance of several classical guidance laws have also been present according to the characteristics of strapdown Anti-Radiation homing seeker. The stapdown guidance systems were built for a certain Anti-Radiation missile, adopting acceleration autopilot and the attitude autopilot, and the paper has focus on analyzing the performance of low frequency strapdown Anti-Radiation homing seeker. The Approaches of lead correction and dead-zone relay control were given to improve the guidance precision, and also the increasable observability law was attempt and validate.

本文采用理论分析和仿真实验相结合的方法，在对经典制导律进行理论分析和验证的基础上，针对捷联反辐射导引头的特点，提出了捷联制导律多种设计方案，并以某型反辐射导弹为应用背景，分别采用姿态角反馈自动驾驶仪和过载反馈自动驾驶仪构造了捷联制导系统，重点基于反辐射导引头的低频端特性，开展了捷联制导律的导引性能对比分析工作，提出了应用超前校正和带死区继电控制提高制导精度的方法，并对提高可观测性的捷联制导算法的实现思路进行了尝试和验证。

The results show that the radiative properties of randomly distributed soot aggregates for a given fractal dimension are complex functions of the monomer diameters, the number of monomers in the aggregates,and the refractive index; For a small value of the monomer diameters, the absorption cross section of soot aggregates tends to be relatively constant when the fractal dimension is small but increases rapidly when the fractal dimension exceeds two. However, a monotonical reduction in light absorption with the increase of the fractal dimension is observed for soot aggregates with sufficiently large monomer diameters, number of monomers,and refractive index. The scattering cross section , extinction cross section and single-scattering albedo increase monotonically with the increase of the fractal dimension. Overall, the results for soot aggregates differ profoundly from those calculated for the equivalent spherical particles, and the discrepancies between them will change small with the increase of the fractal dimension.

研究表明，在给定分形维数的情况下，烟尘団簇粒子的辐射特性取决于原始微粒粒径、数量及复折射率；原始微粒较小的団簇粒子，当分形维数较小时，吸收截面变化不明显，但当分形维数大于二时，吸收截面骤然增大，然而，对于具有比较大的原始微粒粒径、数量及复折射率的烟尘団簇粒子，吸收截面随着分形维数的增大而单调递减；随着分形维数的增大，団簇粒子的散射截面、消光截面及单次散射反照率均单调递增；从整体上来讲，団簇粒子的辐射特性与等效球形粒子的辐射特性存在着比较大的差别，并且这种差别随着分形维数的增大而减小。

Although it is the earliest-issued thesis on the study of computer radiation safety, people paid little attention. In 1983, a Swedish scientist published a pamphlet named Compromising Computer, in which the radiation leakage of computer was mentioned once again. In 1985, a Netherlandish scholar named Ike issued his study report on electromagnetic radiation from video display units of computers at the Third Conference on Computer Communication Safety Protection. At the same time he demonstrated how to use a black and white TV set to receive signals from a computer with radiation leakage.

这是最早发表的研究计算机辐射安全的论文，但当时没有引起人们的注意。1983年，瑞典的一位科学家发表了壹本名叫《泄密的计算机》的小册子，其中再次提到计算机的辐射泄漏问题。1985年，荷兰学者艾克在第三届计算机通信安全防护大会上，公开发表了他的有关计算机视频显示单元电磁辐射的研究报告，同时在现场作了用一台黑白电视机接收计算机辐射泄漏信号的演示。

Although it is the earliest-issued thesis on the study of computer radiation safety, people paid little attention. In 1983, a Swedish scientist published a pamphlet named Compromising Computer, in which the radiation leakage of computer was mentioned once again. In 1985, a Netherlandish scholar named Ike issued his study report on electromagnetic radiation from video display units of computers at the Third Conference on Computer Communication Safety Protection. At the same time he demonstrated how to use a black and white TV set to receive signals from a computer with radiation leakage.

这是最早发表的研究计算机辐射安全的论文，但当时没有引起人们的注意。1983年，瑞典的一位科学家发表了一本名叫《泄密的计算机》的小册子，其中再次提到计算机的辐射泄漏问题。1985年，荷兰学者艾克在第三届计算机通信安全防护大会上，公开发表了他的有关计算机视频显示单元电磁辐射的研究报告，同时在现场作了用一台黑白电视机接收计算机辐射泄漏信号的演示。

Although it is the earliest-issued thesis on the study of computer radiation safety, people paid little attention. In 1983, a Swedish scientist published a pamphlet named Compromising Computer, in which the radiation leakageof computer was mentioned once again. In 1985, a Netherlandish scholar named Ike issued his study report on electromagnetic radiation from video display units of computers at the Third Conference on Computer Communication Safety Protection. At the same time he demonstrated how to use a black and whiteTV set to receive signals from a computer with radiation leakage. His report caused a great reverberation in the world. From then on people began to treat this problem seriously.

这是最早发表的研究计算机辐射安全的论文，但当时没有引起人们的注意。1983年，瑞典的一位科学家发表了一本名叫《泄密的计算机》的小册子，其中再次提到计算机的辐射泄漏问题。1985年，荷兰学者艾克在第三届计算机通信安全防护大会上，公开发表了他的有关计算机视频显示单元电磁辐射的研究报告，同时在现场作了用一台黑白电视机接收计算机辐射泄漏信号的演示。

From radiative protection side, my methods of malignant disease diagnosis and dangerous degree analysis are gave out through standards, regulations and laws which are carried out in the world and successful experiences from radiative material management in foreign countries and current situation of material application and management, which will help us have a scientific radiative material management evaluation system. Through cased study and comparison analysis, in organization reformation, I point out:1. Separate 'supervising right' with 'checking right', it will keep lawexecuting open and fair.2. Main body function reforger after reformation, all levels sanitarian organizations are judges, give judge a new right, all radiative application units are athletes, all activity should be under regulations.

结合国内国际正在实行的标准、法律法规和相关的规章制度，借鉴国外在辐射管理方面的成功经验，结合我省放射性物质应用和监督管理的实际情况，在辐射防护评价方面，我提出恶性疾病个体鉴定的方法和危险度分析方法，使得我们的辐射监督管理有了一套科学的评价系统；采用案例研究和比较分析的方法，从机构改革方面我提出：(1)需要将&监督权&和&检测权&分离，这样才能保证执法管理机构公开公正；(2)改革后的各个主体需要进行职能再造，即各级卫生监督管理机构是裁判员，重新赋予其裁判员的相关职权；各个放射性物质应用单位是运动员，在游戏规则内从事活动；各个放射卫生检测机构作为中介机构，接受管理机构的委托为&运动员&提供有偿服务。

Based on a computing model of floor heating residences, indoor thermal environment and heat distribution under the effect of heat charge/discharge, operation control and solar radiation has been concluded. Concept and formula of equivalent heat supply has been put forward which indicate that actual heat supply will be equal to the sum of design heat supply and equivalent heat supply. Recommend coefficient has been given taken Dalian as an example. Computed according to the new method, design heat supply can be reduced to 37% in cloudy day and 43.3% in sunny day, energy saving effect is very obvious. In Tromb wall solar house, effect of concrete wall on indoor temperature swing and attenuation of temperature wave is very obvious. While the outdoor air-temperature swing exceeds 10℃, indoor air-temperature swing belows 3℃. In the experiment, maximal difference in temperature between inner surface and outer surface of the 300mm wall exceeded 10℃. Heat storage and collector efficiency varies adversely according to solar radiation. Factors such as thickness, material, absorptance of the wall and permeation of the glass cover all have big influence on heat storage and collector efficiency. There exsisted an optimal thickness of the wall, which can make the best of heat storage and collector efficiency. Most of the heat stored in conventional Trombe wall during the daytime has been lost to the outside at night without heat preservation. Heat preservation on the outside surface of the wall has effectively improved heat release performance of the wall at night, heat supply to the room has increased too.

通过建立的地板采暖系统动态热性能分析模型，得出了在蓄放热特性、运行方式和太阳辐射等因素耦合作用下的室内热环境及热量分配比例，提出了等效供热量的概念及计算公式，指出实际所需供热量应等于设计供热量加上等效供热量，并以大连为例，给出了等效供热量的修正系数，以新方法计算，阴天可减少设计供热量37％，晴天最大可以减少设计供热量43.3％，节能效果显著；集热蓄热墙式太阳房中，混凝土蓄热墙的室温均一化效果和对温度波的削减作用非常明显，当室外温度波动最大幅度超过10℃时，室温波幅不超过3℃，实验中300mm厚墙体内外表面温差超过10℃；墙体蓄热效率与集热效率随太阳辐射照度的变化呈相反的变化趋势；墙体厚度、材料、表面吸收率以及盖板透过率等因素对集热和蓄热效率均有较大的影响，存在一个最佳的墙体厚度值，使得墙体集热和蓄热综合性能最优；传统的蓄热墙夜间没有外保温，辐射散热损失很大，研究表明墙体外保温方式明显改善了蓄热墙夜间的散热性能，增加了向室内的供热量。

In this dissertation, at first, the history and present situation of the research related to overheating is reviewed, and then the research works are carried out in following aspects the calculation of radiative properties of coal combustion, the solution of radiative transfer equation in absorbing-scattering media, the analyses of combined heat transfer processes in flue side, the computation method of steam temperature deviation of superheaters and reheaters and the inversion method of their wall metallic temperature in furnace, the numerical simulation of gas-solid two-phase flow, combustion and heat transfer in furnace, the measurement of outlet steam temperature of superheaters and reheaters, engineering reformation of overheating and optimum design of superheaters and reheaters, etc.

本文在综述了与过热器和再热器超温问题有关的研究历史与现状的基础上，在煤粉燃烧产物辐射特性的计算、含散射问题的辐射传递方程的求解、过热器和再热器烟气侧对流与辐射复合换热及汽温偏差的计算和炉内金属壁温的反演、炉内气固两相流动、燃烧、传热过程的数值模拟、过热器再热器炉外出口汽温的测量、过热器再热器超温问题的工程改造及设备的优化设计等方面进行了研究。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。